Invisible women in reproductive technologies: Critical reflections

Mitra, Piyali

doi:10.20529/ijme.2018.031

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Some worry that, by allowing only ‘altruistic’ surrogacy, the law induces women in a family to offer their reproductive labour to their childless relatives for free (Mandal, 2017). Some scholars even raise the human rights arguments, namely that the right to life enshrines the right to reproductive autonomy including the right to procreation and, as such, the decision on the mode of parenthood lies with an individual and should be free from state interference (Mitra, 2018, p. 115). The right to found a family does not extend as far as ‘the right to a child’, as a child is not goods or a service, but a ‘rights-bearing’ human being (UN Report, 2018, p. 15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One step forward or one step back? Autonomy, agency and surrogates in the Indian Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019

Gola

2021

International Journal of Law in Context

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The Indian government has recently introduced legislation to regulate ‘altruistic’ surrogacy while banning ‘commercial’ surrogacy amidst the criticism that India has become the ‘baby factory’. In the past decade, academic discourse has raised socioethical and legal issues that surfaced in the unrestricted transnational commercial-surrogacy industry. Most of the literature and ethnographic studies centred on the issues of informed consent, autonomy, decision-making and exploitation. With the proposed legislation, the Indian government has shown its will to regulate surrogacy, including the medical intermediaries as well as the contract between the intending parents and the surrogate mother-to-be. The present paper addresses the legal and socioethical context in which India introduced the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019. It examines the extent to which the proposed law responds to the legal challenges and socioethical concerns that surfaced in the course of unregulated transnational commercial-surrogacy arrangements in India. It argues that, even though the proposed legislation addresses and responds to some of the legal and ethical concerns such as informed consent and legal parentage, it stops short of ensuring the welfare and well-being of the surrogate. Second, the legal certainty of parentage and the child's rights comes at the cost of the physical and psychological well-being of the surrogate. Finally, it argues that, by presupposing the surrogate as an autonomous agent and yet imposing the requirement of marriage, the Bill overlooks the sociocultural realities of patriarchal hierarchies entrenched in Indian society – that, in its conception of ‘family’, the focus on the ‘traditional’ family not only presents a narrow view of the heteronormative family and perpetuates the patriarchal notions of gender roles, but also fails to take into consideration maternal pluralism in surrogacy arrangements, undermines the modern family and, above all, discriminates against the single person's and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) communities’ right to found a family. Since many countries that served as centres for international commercial-surrogacy arrangement (such as Cambodia, Thailand and Nepal) have recently started to take steps to prohibit or limit transnational surrogacy arrangements, the analysis of Indian law in the present paper will provide a useful context within which these countries can effectively regulate surrogacy while safeguarding the surrogate's rights and interests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One step forward or one step back? Autonomy, agency and surrogates in the Indian Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019

Gola

2021

International Journal of Law in Context

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“…They will not be able to know or have any contact with their birth mother. 32 33 Nevertheless, studies about the opinion of children (born after surrogacy) are reassuring, even though evidence to date is limited. 24 34 35 In addition, some doubts have been raised about raising a child in a non-traditional (non “mother and father”) family.…”

Section: Ethical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview

Brandão

Garrido

2022

Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet

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Objective Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. Methods This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. Results A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. Conclusion Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.

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“…Todos los ámbitos mencionados pueden afectar a los solicitantes, a la gestante y a la futura descendencia. Desde la perspectiva legal En la legislación internacional es posible encontrar tres formas de abordar el tema: prohibir la gestación por sustitución, admisión amplia y, en un punto intermedio, la admisión condicionada a criterios de altruismo, entre otros condicionantes; sin embargo, la tendencia mundial sería hacia la regulación y flexibilización en torno a este tema (31). Se agrega dado el avance legislativo un cuarto grupo, en el cual se encuentran las denominadas situaciones especiales (23).…”

Section: Gestación Por Sustitución En El Marco De La Bioéticaunclassified

Gestación por sustitución o subrogada: La bioética aplicada al embarazo en parejas del mismo sexo

Haro G.,

Gützlaff I.,

Jara V I.

2020

Rev Chil Estud Med

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Introducción: Uno de los factores de mayor impacto en una relación de pareja es el deseo de tener hijos, enmarcado en la concepción tradicional de familia, que desde hace años ha experimentado cambios en lo económico, social y legal. Destacando en dicho marco los movimientos por los derechos homosexuales, resulta necesario analizar el conflicto del embarazo en parejas del mismo sexo, por sus múltiples implicancias tanto para los homosexuales que deciden tener hijos como para el debate ético y moral de una población en transición a su aceptación Resultados: Se describieron los métodos disponibles en paternidad en parejas del mismo sexo, enfocando el análisis en la gestación por sustitución, llevando a una revisión integral del tema desde el punto de vista de la bioética y el estado legal del mismo en la legislación internacional Conclusiones: Resulta imposible dar respuestas concretas a un tema de abordaje tan amplio y conflictivo como el embarazo en parejas homoparentales. Sin embargo, sí fue posible esbozar orientaciones para la evaluación de temas similares de modo de ampliar el debate al respecto, brindando un enfoque aplicado, sin caer en principios inamovibles que, de alguna manera, castigan aquellas visiones que queden fuera de ellos.

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Invisible women in reproductive technologies: Critical reflections

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

One step forward or one step back? Autonomy, agency and surrogates in the Indian Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019

One step forward or one step back? Autonomy, agency and surrogates in the Indian Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019

Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview

Gestación por sustitución o subrogada: La bioética aplicada al embarazo en parejas del mismo sexo

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