Invisible transparency: Visual attention to disclosures and source recognition in Facebook political advertising

Binford, Matthew T.; Wojdynski, Bartosz W.; Lee, Yen-I; Sun, Shuoya; Briscoe, Andrea

doi:10.1080/19331681.2020.1805388

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This might be connected to users' expectations of receiving relevant targeted advertising on social media as part of the social contract they enter with such platforms (van den Broeck et al, 2020). Additionally, Facebook users might not be motivated enough to evaluate political ads thoroughly (Binford et al, 2021), which could dampen appropriateness judgments. It would be necessary to examine whether individuals' motivation to engage in political ad content on social media could interfere with the PMI of TPA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Political Fit, Issue Fit, and Targeted Political Advertising Disclosures on Persuasion Knowledge, Party Evaluation, and Chilling Effects

Hirsch,

Binder,

Matthes

2023

Social Science Computer Review

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The availability of online data has altered the role of social media. By offering targeted online advertising, that is, persuasive messages tailored to user groups, political parties profit from large data profiles to send fine-grained advertising appeals to susceptible voters. This between-subject experiment ( N = 421) investigates the influence of targeted political advertising disclosures (targeting vs. no-targeting disclosure), political fit (high vs. low), and issue fit (high vs. low) on recipients’ party evaluation and chilling effect intentions. The mediating role of targeting knowledge (TK) and perceived manipulative intent (PMI), two dimensions of persuasion knowledge, are investigated. The findings show that disclosing a targeting strategy and a high political fit activated individuals’ TK, that is, their recognition that their data had been used to show the ads, which then increased the evaluation of the political party and individuals’ intentions to engage in future chilling effect behaviors. High political fit decreased individuals’ reflections about the appropriateness of the targeted political ads (i.e., PMI), which then increased party evaluation. Issue fit did not affect individuals’ persuasion knowledge.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Political Fit, Issue Fit, and Targeted Political Advertising Disclosures on Persuasion Knowledge, Party Evaluation, and Chilling Effects

Hirsch,

Binder,

Matthes

2023

Social Science Computer Review

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“…For audiences it could be helpful to provide more information and media literacy about disclaimers on social media platforms because many users seem not to be familiar with the design and meaning of a disclaimer and thus not conclude that they are exposed to a paid advertisement (Binford et al, 2021). Since it does neither seem to diminish DPA's acceptance nor foster the feeling of intrusiveness, a more prominent labeling will neither undermine the inclusive function of DPA nor risk platforms' business models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the context of social media posts, Kruikemeier et al (2016) found that only 68% of participants recalled that a stimulus post contained a “sponsored” disclaimer. Binford et al (2021) show that the variation of the disclaimer (“Sponsored. Paid for” in combination with either candidates' campaign names or a fictitious campaign funding entity) had no effect on the ad recognition.…”

Section: Effects Of Disclaimers On Attention and Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invisible transparency: How different types of ad disclaimers on Facebook affect whether and how digital political advertising is perceived

et al. 2022

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One central measure set out in the regulation of digital political advertising (DPA) concentrates on transparency disclaimers to make users aware that the respective content was bought and targeted at them with a specific intention by an advertiser. However, we lack scientific evidence about if and how users perceive transparency disclaimers of DPA on social media. This article aims to provide first empirical answers to these questions by drawing on a two‐part eye‐tracking study with 177 participants that compares the effect of different prominent ad disclaimers (i.e., versions previously [V1] and currently [V2] used by Facebook as well as a self‐designed [V3] disclaimer version) on the perception of DPA. We show that most users do not fixate on the ad disclaimers regardless of their prominence, nor does the prominence of the disclaimers affect the perceived intrusiveness and acceptance of the DPA. However, the recall and ad recognition were significantly lower for the less prominent ad disclaimers used by Facebook compared to our self‐designed more prominent version, pointing to the shortcomings of the platform's current transparency rules. Altogether, our study allows a more substantiated discussion about how DPA is recognized and evaluated by users, which contributes to the debate about incorporating regulations for DPA.

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“…It is clear that further development is needed to establish meaningful metrics for impact. Nevertheless, this is an important first Although users pay some attention to these disclosures, they often do not enhance users' knowledge of who paid for a given ad (Binford et al, 2021). Labels and associated information should be easy to understand and should provide the signals that make informed decision-making possible (Lorenz-Spreen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Eu Policy Approaches To Misinformation: the Strengthened Cod...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating Psychological Science Into Policy Making

Kozyreva

Smillie

Lewandowsky

2023

European Psychologist

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The spread of false and misleading information in online social networks is a global problem in need of urgent solutions. It is also a policy problem because misinformation can harm both the public and democracies. To address the spread of misinformation, policymakers require a successful interface between science and policy, as well as a range of evidence-based solutions that respect fundamental rights while efficiently mitigating the harms of misinformation online. In this article, we discuss how regulatory and nonregulatory instruments can be informed by scientific research and used to reach EU policy objectives. First, we consider what it means to approach misinformation as a policy problem. We then outline four building blocks for cooperation between scientists and policymakers who wish to address the problem of misinformation: understanding the misinformation problem, understanding the psychological drivers and public perceptions of misinformation, finding evidence-based solutions, and co-developing appropriate policy measures. Finally, through the lens of psychological science, we examine policy instruments that have been proposed in the EU, focusing on the strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022.

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Invisible transparency: Visual attention to disclosures and source recognition in Facebook political advertising

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

The Influence of Political Fit, Issue Fit, and Targeted Political Advertising Disclosures on Persuasion Knowledge, Party Evaluation, and Chilling Effects

The Influence of Political Fit, Issue Fit, and Targeted Political Advertising Disclosures on Persuasion Knowledge, Party Evaluation, and Chilling Effects

Invisible transparency: How different types of ad disclaimers on Facebook affect whether and how digital political advertising is perceived

Incorporating Psychological Science Into Policy Making

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