“…Redundant robot manipulators can achieve subtasks smartly and have been widely applied in factory automation such as working in hazardous or cluttered environments, carrying radioactive materials, and doing repetitive and dull work (Fateh, Tehrani, & Karbassi, 2013;Lasky & Ravani, 2000;Periasamy, Asokan, & Singaperumal, 2012;Xiao & Zhang, 2013a;Yang, Li, & Li, 2013;Yang et al, 2011;Zhang, Tan, Chen, Yang, & Lv, 2009). It is very important for robot manipulators to avoid collisions with obstacles; otherwise, the robot manipulators or the objects being held may undergo serious damage.…”