Investigations on Surface Reflection Models for Intensity Normalization in Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) Data

Jutzi, Boris; Gross, Hermann

doi:10.14358/pers.76.9.1051

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Actually, diffuse and specular reflections exist simultaneously on all natural surfaces [22,27]. There are no ideal specular or diffuse targets.…”

Section: Specular Reflections and Highlight Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the Phong model [33], the total reflection radiation L is a combination of diffuse and specular reflections for natural targets [22,27], as shown by Equation (4):…”

Section: Specular Reflections and Highlight Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the distance effect that mainly depends on instrumental properties, the incidence angle effect is related to target scattering properties and surface structure [22,23]. Theoretically, the incidence angle effect should be individually corrected in terms of target surface properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of reflection models are, therefore, proposed to optimize the Lambertian reflection model. To improve the accuracy of the correction of incidence angle effect, a revised model called the extended Lambertian reflection model was proposed in [22] to modify the contribution of incidence angle by changing the constant exponential value 1 to a parameter which describes the beam divergence. Considering that non-Lambertian behavior occurs in some natural surfaces, a model, which is a linear combination of the Lommel-Seeliger law pertaining to intrinsically dark surfaces and the Lambertian law related to brighter targets, was applied to correct the incidence angle effect in [17,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, both diffuse and specular reflections exist in all natural surfaces [22,27]. The type of reflections influence the direction and strength of the backscattered light [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Specular Reflection Effects Elimination in Terrestrial Laser Scanning Intensity Data Using Phong Model

Tan

Cheng

2017

Remote Sensing

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Abstract:The intensity value recorded by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) systems is significantly influenced by the incidence angle. The incidence angle effect is an object property, which is mainly related to target scattering properties, surface structures, and even some instrumental effects. Most existing models focus on diffuse reflections of rough surfaces and ignore specular reflections, despite that both reflections simultaneously exist in all natural surfaces. Due to the coincidence of the emitter and receiver in TLS, specular reflections can be ignored at large incidence angles. On the contrary, at small incidence angles, TLS detectors can receive a portion of specular reflections. The received specular reflections can trigger highlight phenomenon (hot-spot effects) in the intensity data of the scanned targets, particularly those with a relatively smooth or highly-reflective surface. In this study, a new method that takes diffuse and specular reflections, as well as the instrumental effects into consideration, is proposed to eliminate the specular reflection effects in TLS intensity data. Diffuse reflections and instrumental effects are modeled by a polynomial based on Lambertian reference targets, whereas specular reflections are modeled by the Phong model. The proposed method is tested and validated on different targets scanned by the Faro Focus 3D 120 terrestrial scanner. Results imply that the coefficient of variation of the intensity data from a homogeneous surface is reduced by approximately 38% when specular reflections are considered. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method exhibits good feasibility and high accuracy in eliminating the specular reflection effects for intensity image interpretation and 3D point cloud representation by intensity.

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“…Actually, diffuse and specular reflections exist simultaneously on all natural surfaces [22,27]. There are no ideal specular or diffuse targets.…”

Section: Specular Reflections and Highlight Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the Phong model [33], the total reflection radiation L is a combination of diffuse and specular reflections for natural targets [22,27], as shown by Equation (4):…”

Section: Specular Reflections and Highlight Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, both diffuse and specular reflections exist in all natural surfaces [22,27]. The type of reflections influence the direction and strength of the backscattered light [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations