Investigations of the thermodynamic properties of zinc chalcogenides

Nasar, A.; Shamsuddin, M.

doi:10.1016/0040-6031(92)85257-v

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This was the case even for regions of absorbers formed from CZTSe precursor. One explanation for this composition is that the free energy of ZnS formation is significantly more negative than ZnSe formation [22]. Additionally, the Zn(S,Se) phase might nucleate during a time in the anneal when the partial pressure of sulfur is higher than selenium, as we describe later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Selenium Inclusion in Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄Solar Cell Absorber Precursors for Optimized Grain Growth

Ross

Grini

Rudisch

et al. 2018

IEEE J. Photovoltaics

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Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 precursors are fabricated by compound cosputtering from metal sulfide and selenide targets, and annealed in mixed argon, sulfur, and selenium atmosphere at temperatures between 540 and 580 • C and at pressures between 24 and 47 kPa. We produce solar cell devices from these absorbers that range from 2.0% to 9.0% power conversion efficiency. We extensively characterize the morphology and elemental composition of the absorbers, and are able to closely relate the annealing conditions, precursor sulfur-selenium content, device performance, and absorber quality. We develop a qualitative model which relates the sulfur-selenium distribution in the precursor and the relative partial pressures of sulfur and selenium during the annealing process to the absorber properties. We show that selenium inclusion in the precursor allows more rapid recrystallization of the absorber at lower temperature. Alternating stacking of sulfur and selenium containing precursor material leads to differential rates of recrystallization, which allows some control over the morphology of the annealed absorber and Zn(S,Se) secondary phase segregation in that absorber. We further show that selenium containing precursors can be used to fabricate the superior devices relative to sulfur-only precursors, when the annealing phase space is subject to severe practical restrictions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Selenium Inclusion in Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄Solar Cell Absorber Precursors for Optimized Grain Growth

Ross

Grini

Rudisch

et al. 2018

IEEE J. Photovoltaics

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“…[33] Estimates of σ eon have been obtained by applying a constant dc voltage to a cell with symmetric ion-blocking electrodes and monitoring the residual leakage current until a steady-state value is reached (> 24 hrs). [26,[34][35][36][37] However, we note that 2-electrode measurements will include additional contact resistances in a dc measurement and thus, underestimate the electronic conductivity. [38,39] Therefore, 4-point measurements are important for accurate determination.…”

Section: Cell Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for All‐Solid‐State Batteries: Theory, Methods and Future Outlook

et al. 2021

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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used to probe the physical and chemical processes in lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LiBs). The key parameters include state-of-charge, rate capacity or power fade, degradation and temperature dependence, which are needed to inform battery management systems as well as for quality assurance and monitoring. All-solid-state batteries using a solid-state electrolyte (SE), promise greater energy densities via a Li metal anode as well as enhanced safety, but their development is in its nascent stages and the EIS measurement, cell set-up and modelling approach can be vastly different for various SE chemistries and cell configurations. This review aims to condense the current knowledge of EIS in the context of state-of-the-art solid-state electrolytes and batteries, with a view to advancing their scale-up from the laboratory to commercial deployment. Experimental and modelling best practices are highlighted, as well as emerging impedance methods for conventional LiBs as a guide for opportunities in the solid-state.

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“…Mechanochemical synthesis procedures are generally performed in high-energy ball-milling equipment, in which solid-state reactions are induced by applying mechanical energy to a reactant mixture . It has been reported that ZnS and ZnSe can be obtained by milling their respective Zn/S and Zn/Se elemental mixtures, − although other mechanochemical processes based on displacement reactions have also been informed. − The reactions of the formation of ZnS and ZnSe are highly exothermic and fulfill the empirical Merzhanov criterion for combustion processes [adiabatic temperature ( T ad ) > 1800 K]. If the required energy to ignite a self-propagating reaction is provided by mechanical energy, not by heat as in the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis process, the method is referred to as a mechanically induced self-sustaining reaction (MSR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring the Band Gap in the ZnS/ZnSe System: Solid Solutions by a Mechanically Induced Self-Sustaining Reaction

et al. 2019

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The complete ZnSxSe1-x solid solution was successfully obtained by the mechanochemical process denoted as mechanically-induced self-sustaining reaction (MSR). An excellent control of the chemical stoichiometry of the solid solution was possible by adjusting the atomic ratio of the starting Zn/S/Se elemental mixture subjected to milling. A mixture of both wurtzite-2H (hexagonal) and zinc blende (cubic) structures was always obtained, although for a similar milling time the proportion of the zinc blende structure increased with the Se content in the solid solution. However, wurtzite was the major phase for S-rich compositions when milling was stopped just after ignition. It was demonstrated that milling induces the wurtzite-to-zinc blende phase transition. The 8H hexagonal polytype was also observed in samples subjected to long milling times. The variation of the lattice parameters for both structures with the x value in the solid solution presented an excellent linearity, confirming the validity of the Vegard's law. However, the variation of the band gap energy (Eg) with x was not perfectly linear and a small bowing parameter of 0.34 was obtained. It was possible to tune the Eg value between those of the end members of the solid solution in a continuous manner by adjusting the stoichiometry of the solid solution. The morphology and the crystalline domain size can be also controlled by adjusting, in this case, the post-ignition milling time of the mechanochemical process.

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Investigations of the thermodynamic properties of zinc chalcogenides

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Selenium Inclusion in Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄Solar Cell Absorber Precursors for Optimized Grain Growth

Selenium Inclusion in Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄Solar Cell Absorber Precursors for Optimized Grain Growth

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for All‐Solid‐State Batteries: Theory, Methods and Future Outlook

Tailoring the Band Gap in the ZnS/ZnSe System: Solid Solutions by a Mechanically Induced Self-Sustaining Reaction

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Investigations of the thermodynamic properties of zinc chalcogenides

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Selenium Inclusion in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4Solar Cell Absorber Precursors for Optimized Grain Growth

Selenium Inclusion in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4Solar Cell Absorber Precursors for Optimized Grain Growth

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for All‐Solid‐State Batteries: Theory, Methods and Future Outlook

Tailoring the Band Gap in the ZnS/ZnSe System: Solid Solutions by a Mechanically Induced Self-Sustaining Reaction

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Product

Resources

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Selenium Inclusion in Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄Solar Cell Absorber Precursors for Optimized Grain Growth

Selenium Inclusion in Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄Solar Cell Absorber Precursors for Optimized Grain Growth