Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice

Anderson, Stacey E.; Meade, B. Jean; Long, Carrie M.; Lukomska, Ewa; Marshall, Nikki B.

doi:10.3109/1547691x.2015.1029146

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Similarly, individuals that used 2% triclosan hand washing cream (Ayliffe et al ., 1988) and 25% of subjects who used a 2% triclosan soap reported irritation of the skin (Bendig, 1990). Studies of repeated dermal triclosan exposure with B6C3F1 (B6) mice describe similar skin irritation that occurred as early as Day 4 (Fang et al ., 2014) and resolved by Day 28 (Anderson et al ., 2015), likely due in part to the protection provided by the repaired skin. With repeated application of 0.75% triclosan, we observed little skin irritation, however significant effects still occurred in the skin and LN including increased expression of Tslp and Tnfa in the skin tissue, increases in cellularity of the skin draining LN, increased IL-4, IL-17A, IL-22, IFN-γ, and GATA-3 expression by CD4 T cells and increases in CD80 and CD86 expression on LN DCs and B cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triclosan Induces Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Skin Promoting Th2 Allergic Responses

Marshall¹,

Lukomska

Long

et al. 2015

Toxicol. Sci.

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Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical incorporated into many personal, medical and household products. Approximately, 75% of the U.S. population has detectable levels of triclosan in their urine, and although it is not typically considered a contact sensitizer, recent studies have begun to link triclosan exposure with augmented allergic disease. We examined the effects of dermal triclosan exposure on the skin and lymph nodes of mice and in a human skin model to identify mechanisms for augmenting allergic responses. Triclosan (0%–3%) was applied topically at 24-h intervals to the ear pinnae of OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice. Skin and draining lymph nodes were evaluated for cellular responses and cytokine expression over time. The effects of triclosan (0%–0.75%) on cytokine expression in a human skin tissue model were also examined. Exposure to triclosan increased the expression of TSLP, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the skin with concomitant decreases in IL-25, IL-33, and IL-1α. Similar changes in TSLP, IL1B, and IL33 expression occurred in human skin. Topical application of triclosan also increased draining lymph node cellularity consisting of activated CD86+GL-7+ B cells, CD80+CD86+ dendritic cells, GATA-3+OX-40+IL-4+IL-13+ Th2 cells and IL-17 A+ CD4 T cells. In vivo antibody blockade of TSLP reduced skin irritation, IL-1β expression, lymph node cellularity, and Th2 responses augmented by triclosan. Repeated dermal exposure to triclosan induces TSLP expression in skin tissue as a potential mechanism for augmenting allergic responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triclosan Induces Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Skin Promoting Th2 Allergic Responses

Marshall¹,

Lukomska

Long

et al. 2015

Toxicol. Sci.

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“…A positive association was demonstrated between triclosan exposure and the diagnosis of hay fever, allergies, and sensitization and exacerbation of food and aeroallergens (Clayton et al, 2011;Savage et al, 2012Savage et al, , 2014Spanier et al, 2014). Supporting these studies, although not identified as a sensitizing chemical (Anderson et al, 2016), dermal exposure to triclosan augmented the allergic response to ovalbumin (OVA) in a mouse asthma model through a TSLP-mediated pathway (Marshall et al, 2015). Additional research found that this response was initiated through the S100A8/A9-TLR4 pathway (Marshall et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 83%

Topical Application of the Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Weatherly¹,

Shane²,

Friend

et al. 2020

Toxicological Sciences

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5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan) is an antimicrobial chemical widely used in consumer household and clinical healthcare products. Human and animal studies have associated triclosan exposure with allergic disease. Mechanistic studies have identified triclosan as a mitochondrial uncoupler; recent studies suggest that mitochondria play an important role in immune cell function and are involved in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, early immunological effects were evaluated via NLRP3 activation following dermal triclosan application in a BALB/c murine model. These investigations revealed rapid caspase-1 activation and mature IL-1β secretion in the skin and draining lymph nodes (dLNs) after 1.5% and 3% triclosan exposure. Correspondingly, pro-Il-1b and S100a8 gene expression increased along with extracellular ATP in the skin. Peak gene expression of chemokines associated with caspase-1 activation occurred after 2 days of exposure in both skin tissue and dLNs. Phenotypic analysis showed an increase in neutrophils and macrophages in the dLN and myeloid and inflammatory monocytes in the skin tissue. Triclosan also caused mitochondrial dysfunction shown through effects on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial morphology. These results indicate that following triclosan exposure, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome occurs in both the skin tissue and dLNs, providing a possible mechanism for triclosan’s effects on allergic disease and further support a connection between mitochondrial involvements in immunological responses.

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“…In primary human epidermis tissue, 0.1% TCS elevated TSLP, IL-1β, and IL-1α gene expression (Marshall et al 2015). Further, antimicrobial also increased the number of immune cells in the skin draining lymph node after dermal application to mice (Anderson et al 2016). …”

Section: Triclosan-mediated Adverse Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triclosan exposure, transformation, and human health effects

Weatherly

Gosse

2017

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

414

236

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Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used so ubiquitously that 75% of the U.S.A. population is likely exposed to this compound via consumer goods and personal care products. In September 2016, TCS was banned from soap products following the risk assessment by the U.S.A. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, TCS still remains, at high concentrations, in other personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and surgical soaps. Triclosan is readily absorbed into human skin and oral mucosa and found in various human tissues and fluids. The aim of this review was to describe TCS exposure routes and levels as well as metabolism and transformation processes. The burgeoning literature on human health effects associated with TCS exposure, such as reproductive problems was also summarized.

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Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice

Cited by 34 publications

References 42 publications

Triclosan Induces Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Skin Promoting Th2 Allergic Responses

Triclosan Induces Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Skin Promoting Th2 Allergic Responses

Topical Application of the Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Triclosan exposure, transformation, and human health effects

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