Investigations into the Fat Pads of the Sole of the Foot: Anatomy and Histology

Jahss, Melvin H.; Michelson, James D.; Desai, Panna; Kaye, Robert; Kummer, Frederick J.; Buschman, William; Watkins, Frank; Reich, Steven M.

doi:10.1177/107110079201300502

Cited by 150 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The inter-adipose septa within the trochanteric bursa stroma might act to protect the tendon from increased compressive or shear forces. This function could be similar to that of the septa in the heel pad, which assists in cushioning the heel [29,30]. The highly organised nature of the inter-adipose septa suggests a possible adaptive response to a mechanical stimulus, rather than merely disorganised fibrous scarring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased substance P expression in the trochanteric bursa of patients with greater trochanteric pain syndrome

et al. 2014

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Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is a pathology that can involve the trochanteric bursa or the tendons which attach to the greater trochanter. To clarify the potential importance of bursa versus tendon pathology and of substance P (SP) in contributing to pain in this condition tendon and bursa tissue biopsies were obtained from 34 patients with GTPS and 29 control subjects. Specimens were evaluated via light microscopy for histopathological and morphological differences, as well as using immunohistochemistry for macrophages (CD68), cells (CD45) and SP. Bursa [stroma score, mean (SD): 4.18 (1.65) vs. 2.53 (1.61), p = 0.051] and tendon [Bonar score, mean (SD): GTPS mean (SD) 12.65 (2.0), control (10.43 (4.84), p = 0.04] from subjects with GTPS demonstrated more extensive signs of pathology than specimens from control subjects. There was a significantly greater presence of SP in the bursa (frequency: 9/12 vs. 6/16, p = 0.047), but not in the tendon (8/12 vs. 8/15, p = 0.484) of subjects with GTPS compared to controls. An increased presence of SP in the trochanteric bursa may be related to the pain associated with GTPS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased substance P expression in the trochanteric bursa of patients with greater trochanteric pain syndrome

et al. 2014

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“…Additionally, the adipocytes in the deep subcutaneous layers are 45% smaller in the mean cell area and 25% smaller in mean maximum diameter in an atrophic heel compared to a normal heel [22]. Septa in both deep and superficial subcutaneous layers in the atrophic heel are 25% thicker than in a normal heel and include more percentage of elastic tissue which seems to be uneven in some cases [23].…”

Section: The Structurementioning

confidence: 98%

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Naemi¹,

Behforootan²,

Chatzistergos³

et al. 2016

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials

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Mechanical properties of the plantar soft tissue, which acts as the interface between the skeleton and the ground, play an important role in distributing the force underneath the foot and in influencing the load transfer to the entire body during weight-bearing activities. Hence, understanding the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue and the mathematical equations that govern such behaviour can have important applications in investigating the effect of disease and injuries on soft tissue function. The plantar soft tissue of the foot shows a viscoelastic behaviour, where the reaction force is not only dependent on the amount of deformation but also influenced by the deformation rate. This chapter provides an insight into the mechanical behaviour of plantar soft tissue during loading with specific emphasis on heel pad, which is the first point of contact during normal gait. Furthermore, the methods of assessing the mechanical behaviour including the in vitro/in situ and in vivo are discussed, and examples of creep, stress relaxation, rate dependency and hysteresis behaviour of the heel pad are shown. In addition, the viscoelastic models that represent the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue under load along with the equations that govern this behaviour are elaborated and discussed.

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“…The thicknesses of the dermis and subdermal layers are variable between subjects and between foot locations (Lee and Hwang 2002) and may cause differences in the ability of cooling to reach the FA II receptors. Similarly, once the receptors are cooled, the fat tissue that is found in the subdermal layers of the skin (known to contain Pacinian corpuscles; Jahss et al 1992) may serve as an insulator and maintain the cooling effects for longer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%