Investigations into sources of lead in the environment of urban children

Lepow, Martha L.; Bruckman, Leonard; Gillette, Marybeth; Markowitz, Steven; Robino, Robert; Kapish, Janet

doi:10.1016/0013-9351(75)90037-7

Cited by 119 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Currently, calculations either exclude hand and mouthing frequency counts, or rely on educated estimates of contact rates. For example, Lepow et al (1975) and Duggan and Inskip (1985) both estimated a low hand-to-mouth frequency rate of 10 times/day.…”

Section: Reed Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of children's hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology

Reed

Jimenez²,

Freeman

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

100

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A videotaping methodology has been developed for use in quantifying the types and frequencies of children's hand and mouthing activities that could lead to exposure to environmental pollutants via dermal and ingestion pathways. Twenty children in day care, ages 3 ± 6 years and 10 children in residences, ages 2 ± 5 years, were videotaped during their waking hours for 1 day. Parents of each child completed questionnaires for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of parental reports of hand-to-mouth rates. Videotapes were translated as quantifiable activities by two trained observers whose reporting reliability was checked throughout the investigation. Results determined that reliability of the videotaping method was very good, even over a year post-training. From videotape data, the average hand-to-mouth frequency rate was determined to be 9.5 contacts/h. These values are considerably higher than the current default value of 1.56 contacts/ h under consideration by the EPA.

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Section: Reed Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of children's hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology

Reed

Jimenez²,

Freeman

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

100

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show abstract

“…Various soil pollutants are associated with soil contact, including polychlorinated biphenyls (Brown and Silvers, 1984 ) , polyaromatic hydrocarbons and lead (Lepow et al, 1975 ). Many regulatory decisions are based on soil pathways.…”

Section: Study Background and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring potential exposure to environmental pollutants: time spent with soil and time spent outdoors

Robinson

Silvers²

2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Evaluation of exploratory behavior Videotape of play with specified objects; trained observer; timed interactive events Madden et al ( 1980 ) 23 -33 months 3 Urban Maryland Mouth -to -body, mouth -to -object Trained observers; interval recording system; 2 -3.3 h total observation time Lepow et al (1975Lepow et al ( , 1974 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 -1024 ). In their study, 90 children who ranged in age from 10 to 60 months were watched in their home environment by trained observers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of mouthing behavior in young children

Tulve

Suggs

McCurdy

et al. 2002

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

167

116

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Young children may be more likely than adults to be exposed to pesticides following a residential application as a result of hand -and object -to -mouth contacts in contaminated areas. However, relatively few studies have specifically evaluated mouthing behavior in children less than 5 years of age. Previously unpublished data collected by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center ( FHCRC ) were analyzed to assess the mouthing behavior of 72 children ( 37 males / 35 females ). Total mouthing behavior data included the daily frequency of both mouth and tongue contacts with hands, other body parts, surfaces, natural objects, and toys. Eating events were excluded. Children ranged in age from 11 to 60 months. Observations for more than 1 day were available for 78% of the children. The total data set was disaggregated by gender into five age groups ( 10 -20, 20 -30, 30 -40, 40 -50, 50 -60 months ). Statistical analyses of the data were then undertaken to determine if significant differences existed among the age / gender subgroups in the sample. A mixed effects linear model was used to test the associations among age, gender, and mouthing frequencies. Subjects were treated as random and independent, and intrasubject variability was accounted for with an autocorrelation function. Results indicated that there was no association between mouthing frequency and gender. However, a clear relationship was observed between mouthing frequency and age. Using a tree analysis, two distinct groups could be identified: children 24 and children >24 months of age. Children 24 months exhibited the highest frequency of mouthing behavior with 81 ± 7 events / h ( mean ± SE ) ( n = 28 subjects, 69 observations ). Children >24 months exhibited the lowest frequency of mouthing behavior with 42 ± 4 events / h ( n = 44 subjects, 117 observations ). These results suggest that children are less likely to place objects into their mouths as they age. These changes in mouthing behavior as a child ages should be accounted for when assessing aggregate exposure to pesticides in the residential environment.

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Investigations into sources of lead in the environment of urban children

Cited by 119 publications

References 5 publications

Quantification of children's hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology

Quantification of children's hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology

Measuring potential exposure to environmental pollutants: time spent with soil and time spent outdoors

Frequency of mouthing behavior in young children

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