Investigation on the removal of the major cocaine metabolite (benzoylecgonine) in water matrices by UV 254 /H 2 O 2 process by using a flow microcapillary film array photoreactor as an efficient experimental tool

Removal of benzoylecgonine from water matrices through UV254/H2O2 process: Reaction kinetic modeling, ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment

“…For this purpose the reaction kinetics model of BE oxidation was modified (Eqs. [21][22] to include the effect of scavengers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 (22) where is the pseudo-first order rate constant of the reaction between the • OH radicals and the scavenger species. Since similar removal rates of BE in SWW and RWW in the MCF has been observed [22] and following the same optimization methodology reported earlier, was estimated from three experimental runs in the MCF (run 1-3, Table 4) with a 97.5% confidence interval.…”

“…In previous studies [21,22] (1) that unselectively attack dissolved organic substances such as BE (2) [32]:…”

Sub-lethal toxicity and elimination of the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine: a narrative review

“…Adding H 2 O 2 to the wastewater to generate •OH radical could also effectively remove BE (57)(58)(59)(60). The formation of •OH by either continuous exposure to a UV 254 lamp or a Fenton reaction is commonly used, with the •OH radical freely attacking the dissolved organic matter (Figure 3) (57).…”

“…Another study explored the Photo-Fenton reaction by using Fe 2 O 3 /SBA-15 as a heterogeneous catalyst, and the removal efficiency of BE reached 92% (58). However, the researchers found that the products (peroxides, oxidant by-products) polluted with river water may cause greater toxicity (44,58,60). Therefore, BE by-products produced by peroxide may still exhibit potential toxicity, and this treatment process requires further treatment before discharge.…”

Kinetic Modeling of Advanced Oxidation Processes Using Microreactors: Challenges and Opportunities for Scale-Up

“…Finally, in the case of homogeneous processes, intermediates generated by UV-C/H 2 O 2 were identified for benzoylecgonine and benzisothiazolinone [52,69] using LC-MS/MS analysis and samples generated during kinetic investigation with a microcapillary photoreactor. Samples easily generated at different reaction times by using the above-mentioned experimental set-up were also used to investigate eco-toxicological effects on target aquatic organisms [11,51,53], demonstrating that toxic degradation products can persist in treated water even when the target compounds are fully degraded, and longer residence times are needed to reduce eco-toxicological responses.…”