Investigation on Soccer Referees: A Narrative Review

Cipriano, Paulo; Martins, Paulo; Araújo, Duarte; Preto, Luís; Peixoto, César; Moreira, Miguel

doi:10.2478/pjst-2019-0016

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The fact behind that may be as national-level referees are more experienced [15], they have greater opportunity to conduct more matches than state level referees and assessors" assessment of each national level matches help them to grow more confidence and managing capacity of stress and anxiety at pre, during and postmatch circumstances [28]. Scientists found that referees and assistant referees are submitted to high physical and mental stress during matches [9,25,29]. Referees suffering from severe injuries were nearly three times more likely to report symptoms of anxiety and depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Sports Anxiety between State Level and National Level Football Referees in India

Roy¹

2022

J Adv Sport Phys Edu

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Background: In the world of football, the success or failure of a match is not only the responsibility of the players, manager, or coach but is more dominantly determined by the leadership of the referee. Objective: The purpose of the present study is to find out the anxiety level between state and national level football referees. Method: Total hundred football referees (fifty state level and fifty national levels) were selected from Calcutta Football League (CFL) in West Bengal, B.C. Roy Trophy at Una in Himachal Pradesh, Santosh Trophy at Nayveli in Tamil Nadu, B.C. Roy Trophy at Bhubaneswar in Odisha, West Zone National Football Tournament at Jodhpur in Rajasthan, U-16 I-League Tournament and U-19 I-League Tournament for the study. Sports anxiety was considered as variables and it was measured by sports competitive anxiety test (SCAT) questionnaire. Data was collected with proper instruction from the referees just prior to the sixty minutes of the competition. The age of football referees ranged between 22 to 30 years. Result: The obtained results show that significant difference is found in sports anxiety (p=0.04) between state level and national level football referees. It is also found that the anxiety of state level referees (19.28±3.04) was higher than the national level referees (15.72±2.52). Conclusion: The study concluded that state level referees have a higher level of anxiety in comparison to national level referees. The fact behind that may be as national-level referees are more experienced and they have greater opportunity to conduct more matches than state level referees and assessors’ assessment of each national level matches help them to grow more confidence and managing capacity of stress and anxiety at pre, during and post-match circumstances.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Sports Anxiety between State Level and National Level Football Referees in India

Roy¹

2022

J Adv Sport Phys Edu

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“…Coaches and parents are widely analysed and discussed societal groups. In contrast, the referee has been often overlooked (Andersson, 2019;Cipriano et al, 2020). This may be due to the various roles of referees in different sports (MacMahon et al, 2015).…”

Section: Authors' Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-assessment of football referees on their educational influence on children aged 9–12 during a sports competition

Płoszaj

Firek

2021

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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Proper use of the educational potential of sports depends on the entities organizing children’s sports competitions (coaches, parents, referees). Particularly important is their awareness of the purposefulness and legitimacy of actions taken. Numerous studies have been devoted to the role of the coach and parents in providing children and young people with positive sporting experiences. In contrast, the referee has often been overlooked. The behavior of the referees during the match is also important for young players. Assuming that referee-player interactions have a major contribution to educational influence, the purpose of this study was to explore the opinions of soccer referees refereeing matches of children aged 9 to 12 years about their interactions with players in terms of emotional support, game organization, and instructional support. It was also decided to verify whether referees’ self-assessment of their educational function is influenced by experience. The research was conducted among 116 referees licensed by Mazovian Football Association who referee matches of children aged 9–12 years (Orliki and Młodziki categories) in the Masovian Voivodeship in Poland. To assess the referee-players educational interaction, a questionnaire survey was developed. These interactions are present in three domains: emotional support, game organization and instructional support. The results showed significant differences between referees’ self-assessments in the three domains. Referees rated their educational interactions with players higher in the domain of emotional support than the instructional support. Moreover, the results indicated that there was no differences in the referees’ self-assessment between the groups distinguished by more experienced in the domains of emotional support and game organization, while less experienced referees rated the quality of their educational interactions in the instructional support domain higher than those more experienced. The main conclusion of the research is the postulate to introduce pedagogical and psychological issues into the referee training.

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“…Additionally, studies indicate a correlation between perceived stress and physiological reactions, such as changes in heart rate (Castillo-Rodríguez et al, 2021), suggesting that referees with a better control of their stress tend to experience less physiological reactions and show better performance. Studies on referees' emotions and performance are, however, somewhat limited (Cipriano et al, 2019), since they do not seek to understand the psychological mechanisms that explain how stress relates to emotions and performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Referees’ Emotions and Performance Perception: The Importance of Stress and Cognitive Appraisal

Nogueira

Fontes

Gomes

et al. 2022

Cuad. psicol. deporte

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La tarea de un árbitro es compleja y muy importante y, por lo general, se asocia con un alto estrés. En este estudio buscamos comprender el papel del estrés y la evaluación cognitiva en las emociones y en la percepción del rendimiento deportivo de los árbitros antes de que se juegue un partido. Adoptamos una metodología de incidentes críticos para analizar cómo los árbitros se adaptan al estrés relacionado con su próximo juego. El estudio incluyó a 708 árbitros de fútbol (646 hombres), de entre 18 y 53 años (M= 26,81; DE= 7,32). Evaluamos las fuentes de estrés, evaluación cognitiva, emociones y percepción del desempeño individual. El análisis de regresión mostró que el estrés fue el principal predictor de las emociones negativas, la evaluación cognitiva fue un predictor de las emociones negativas y positivas y que la evaluación cognitiva también contribuyó a comprender la percepción del desempeño individual. En resumen, el estrés y la evaluación son factores importantes para comprender la experiencia de estrés de los árbitros. The tasks referees must perform are both complex and very important, and are usually associated with high levels of stress. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of stress and cognitive appraisal on referees’ emotions and sports performance perception before the realization of a game. We adopted a critical incident methodology to understand how referees adapt to the stress related to their next game. The study included 708 football referees (646 males), aged between 18 and 53 (M = 26.81; SD = 7.32). We evaluated sources of stress, cognitive appraisal, emotions, and perception of individual performance. Regression analyses pointed out that stress was a main predictor of negative emotions, cognitive appraisal was a predictor of both negative and positive emotions, and that cognitive appraisal also contributed to comprehend the perception of individual performance. In sum, stress and appraisal are important factors to understand the stress experience of referees. A tarefa de um árbitro é complexa e muito importante, estando geralmente associada a um elevado stress. Neste estudo, procuramos compreender o papel do stresse da avaliação cognitiva nas emoções e na percepção do desempenho desportivo dos árbitros antes da realização de um jogo. Adotámos uma metodologia de incidente crítico para analisar o modo como os árbitros se adaptam ao stressrelacionado com o seu próximo jogo. O estudo incluiu 708 árbitros de futebol (646 homens), com idades entre os 18 e 53 (M= 26,81; DP= 7,32). Avaliámos as fontes de stress, avaliação cognitiva, emoções e perceção do rendimento individual. A análise de regressão mostrou que o stressfoi o principal preditor de emoções negativas, a avaliação cognitiva foi um preditor de emoções negativas e positivas e que a avaliação cognitiva também contribuiu para compreender a percepção do rendimento individual. Em suma, o stresse a avaliação são fatores importantes para entender a experiência de stressdos árbitros.

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Investigation on Soccer Referees: A Narrative Review

Cited by 3 publications

References 37 publications

A Study on Sports Anxiety between State Level and National Level Football Referees in India

A Study on Sports Anxiety between State Level and National Level Football Referees in India

Self-assessment of football referees on their educational influence on children aged 9–12 during a sports competition

Referees’ Emotions and Performance Perception: The Importance of Stress and Cognitive Appraisal

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