Investigation on radiation degradation of carboxymethylcellulose by ionizing irradiation

Sterilization effects on the handling and degradation properties of calcium phosphate cements containing poly (D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) porogens and carboxymethyl cellulose

“…The subsequent addition of hydroxyl free radicals results into abstraction of hydrogen atoms from the glycosidic bonds, thereby rendering them weaker, less rigid and easier to cleave . The addition of free radical‐induced oxidative degradation accelerates a further reduction in the average chain length of CMC and the formation of smaller, more mobile anionic polymer chains that reduce the viscoelastic and gelation properties of CMC …”

“…Similar to the injectability, the cohesion and washout resistance of the cements began to deteriorate for all irradiated CPCs, especially for CPC/CMC groups. This reduction is attributed to the reduced viscosifying effect of CMC caused by radiation degradation, which makes it more difficult for CMC to bind the CPC particles together . Consequently, the cements are more susceptible to particulate fragmentation and leakage.…”

“…Further, CMC is nontoxic, biocompatible, water-soluble, biodegradable, and cheap which makes it an important thickener and stabilizing agent in the industrial and medical sectors with common applications in food, cosmetics, paper, and pharmaceutical products. 28,[30][31][32][33][34][35] It has also been shown that negatively charged carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups present in the backbone of CMC can form ionic bonds with the positively charged calcium ions present in CPCs, thereby improving the cohesion and injectability of the CPC composite 15,20,28,36 without impeding the resorption of CPC or its osteoconductive properties. 22,31,35,37 In fact, CMC solutions have been used as a carrier for bone grafts 35,37 and have shown to improve the clinical properties when used as a binder for calcium sulfate bone grafts 37 and β-tricalcium phosphate particles.…”

“…14,21,22,26 Among the different methods available for sterilizing bone substitutes, gamma irradiation has proven to be the most common method to sterilize CPCs due to its reliability and safety, with doses typically ranging between 10 and 35 kGy. 30,31,55,56 However, it is known that polysaccharides, such as CMC, degrade through the cleavage of glycosidic bonds present along the backbone of the polymer chain once exposed to ionic irradiation, thereby reducing the molecular weight. 30,31,34,[57][58][59][60] This phenomenon, coupled with the formation of free radicals during the irradiation process, is known to accelerate the degradation kinetics of CMC and PLGA as well as reduce the viscosifying properties of CMC.…”

Long-term stability of cellulose acetate butyrate thin films for nuclear certified reference materials

“…The properties of CAB depend on the degree of substitution: usually the higher the butyryl content the higher the flexibility and the chemical resistance. In the literature, several studies can be found on the thermal degradation, on the mechanical properties, on the degradation due to irradiation of cellulose and cellulose derivatives [11, 13–16, 13–16] However, so far no research paper can be found which deals with the application of cellulose acetate butyrate on nuclear materials as a thin film coating aiming to understand the complex degradation behaviour caused by heat, radiation and vibrations. The main objective of this study was to characterize before and after ageing and to compare the degradation behaviour of three commercially available CABs in order to find the best appropriate butyryl substitution for the IRMM 1027 LSD spike application.…”