Investigation on oxygen controlled liquid lead corrosion of surface treated steels

Müller, Georg; Schumacher, G.; Zimmermann, Frank

doi:10.1016/s0022-3115(99)00211-1

Cited by 210 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This oxygen control method has been currently used to regulate a very low level oxygen concentration [3]. Equations (5) and (6) are used to calculate the corresponding oxygen partial pressure (Po 2 ) for the required oxygen concentration in liquid LBE, then, equation (7) is used to determine the pressure ratio of H 2 and H 2 O [3,11]. The H 2 O pressure is set at 15.94 mbr.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of YSZ Oxygen Sensor for Use in a Lead-alloy Coolant System

Lee

Cho²,

Song³

et al. 2007

Port. Electrochim. Acta

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Liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) may see extensive use as a coolant fluid, and perhaps also as a spallation target, in the next generation nuclear energy system. However, it is very corrosive to the common steels used in nuclear installations. This corrosion problem can be prevented by the formation of a protective oxide layer on the exposed surface of steel. For this purpose, accurately measuring and controlling the oxygen concentration in liquid LBE is very important. Electrochemical oxygen sensors with In/In 2 O 3 and Bi/Bi 2 O 3 reference systems can be used as in situ devices for measuring the oxygen concentration in liquid LBE. YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) oxygen sensor with molten bismuth saturated with oxygen as a reference, has been selected to measure the oxygen concentration in LBE coolant system. The oxygen concentration difference across the solid electrolyte and the resultant oxygen ion conduction inside the electrolyte establish an electromagnetic force (EMF) that is used to measure the ppb level of dissolved oxygen concentration in liquid LBE. In this paper, the sensitivity of an YSZ oxygen sensor has been evaluated. Sensor calibration curves in liquid LBE at 450 o C have been obtained.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of YSZ Oxygen Sensor for Use in a Lead-alloy Coolant System

Lee

Cho²,

Song³

et al. 2007

Port. Electrochim. Acta

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“…The experiments are conducted in the COSTA device [10] in which the specimens are exposed to stagnant lead under defined and controlled temperature and oxygen concentration conditions. The control of oxygen concentrations is obtained in this device via the gas phase by establishing the corresponding oxygen partial pressure via the H 2 /H 2 O ratio in the gas flowing through the furnace tubes [11].…”

Section: Exposure Facility (Costa) and Experimental Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid metal corrosion/erosion investigations of structure materials in lead cooled systems: Part 1

Kieser

Muscher

Weisenburger

et al. 2009

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…Therefore ferritic, ferritic-martensitic (F/M) and oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys are better candidates for such applications. It has been shown that the addition of aluminum to the Fe-based ferritic materials is beneficial in preventing corrosion attack and severe oxidation, by forming an Al-rich oxide layer [29][30][31][32][33][34] Generally, the higher the Cr content present, the lower the Al content that is acceptable. Fe-Cr-Al 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 4 alloys display a so-called 'third element effect' (TEE), where Cr (having an oxygen affinity intermediate between those of Fe and Al) is supposed to induce a transition between the internal and external oxidation of Al on ternary alloys under lower Al levels than for binary Fe-Al alloys [37][38][39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic

et al. 2018

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At elevated temperatures, heavy liquid metals and their alloys are known to create a highly corrosive environment that causes irreversible degradation of most iron-based materials. It has been found that an appropriate concentration of oxygen in the liquid alloy can significantly reduce this issue by creating a passivating oxide scale that controls diffusion, especially if Al is present in Fe-based materials (by Al-oxide formation). However, the increase of the temperature and of oxygen content in liquid phase leads to the increase of oxygen diffusion into bulk, and to promotion of the internal Al oxidation. This can cause a strain in bulk near the oxide layer, due either to mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the oxides and bulk material, or to misfit of the crystal lattices (bulk vs. oxides). This work investigates the strain induced into proximal bulk of a Fe-Cr-Al alloy by oxide layers formation in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic utilizing synchrotron X-ray Laue microdiffraction. It is found that internal oxidation is the most likely cause for the strain in the metal rather than thermal expansion mismatch as a two-layer problem.Dear Sir, I re-submit our paper entitled: "A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic" on behalf of all co-authors to Acta Materialia, after addressing all the revisions stated by the reviewer. In the study, we analyze a strain in the near-interface bulk of ferritic FeCrAl alloy after its exposure to heavy liquid metals. Two possible origins of strain were considered: internal oxidation of aluminum in bulk, and thermal expansion mismatch between the oxide and the bulk. A positive correlation of dislocation density with peak width distribution indicates that strain comes from plastic deformation, while the evidence of grain refinement and sub-grain formation indicates a noticeable internal oxidation. Based on the comparison with theoretical predictions, we conclude that internal oxidation is more dominant mechanism of strain induction.Sincerely, Miroslav P. Popovic, UC Berkeley Cover LetterWe thank the reviewer for his/her time and effort.Below we address all reviewer's comments (labeled "C") in detail, marked in green (labeled "A").C 0: -Dear authors, congratulations for this interesting work.A 0: We thank the reviewer for his/her assessment of our paper. C1-1: You are studying the deformation and strain induced in the bulk of a Fe-Cr-Al alloy (Alkrothal 720) by oxide scales that form in liquid LBE. Alkrothal is a bcc alloy, a fact that you should clearly mention when you describe the material in the Experimental section (not just mention that it is a ferritic alloy), giving some basic information on the lattice parameters. A1-2: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We made changes in the manuscript and modified our statement (in the first paragraph of section 2. Experimental), so it reads now as following: C1-2. What you neglect to mention, however, is th...

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Investigation on oxygen controlled liquid lead corrosion of surface treated steels

Cited by 210 publications

References 9 publications

Calibration of YSZ Oxygen Sensor for Use in a Lead-alloy Coolant System

Calibration of YSZ Oxygen Sensor for Use in a Lead-alloy Coolant System

Liquid metal corrosion/erosion investigations of structure materials in lead cooled systems: Part 1

A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic

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