Investigation on Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) and Avian Poxvirus (APV) in magellanic penguins in Southern region of Brazil

Abstract

To investigate the exposure of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and avian poxvirus (APV) in

Molecular Characterization of Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus (Sub-Genotype VII.1.1) from Wild Birds, with Assessment of Its Pathogenicity in Susceptible Chickens

“…As shown in our work, wild birds were apparently healthy, but a few birds showed ruffled feathers with whitish-green diarrhea, while post-mortem examination showed enteritis, whitish-green intestinal contents, and cloudiness of the air sacs. The present clinical findings are consistent with previous data reporting respiratory, gastrointestinal, circulatory, and nervous signs in infected chickens [ 75 , 76 ]. The clinical signs might vary depending on several factors, such as the pathogenicity of the virus; host factors such as age, species, and immune status; infectious dose duration and extent; and concurrent infections [ 77 ].…”

Serological Survey for Select Infectious Agents in Wild Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus Magellanicus) in Argentina, 1994–2008

“…The high seroprevalence observed in this study contrasted with the lack of detection of antibodies against APMV-1 in Magellanic Penguins in Brazil (Nunes et al 2012). Nunes et al (2012) employed an ELISA test, which is less likely to produce false positive results due to cross-reactivity with other avian paramyxoviruses than the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test we employed (Nayak et al 2012). Other HI-based studies have also found high prevalence of antibodies against APMV-1 (20-33%) in penguins in Argentina and in the Antarctic Peninsula (Karesh et al 1999;Thomazelli et al 2010).…”

“…Serological surveys in other species of penguins in South America have not found sera reacting against Infectious bursal disease virus (Karesh et al 1999;Travis et al 2006;Smith et al 2008). In contrast with these negative results and with our negative results, Nunes et al (2012) found that 47% of Magellanic Penguins at rehabilitation centers in Brazil were seropositive. Although seropositivity to Infectious bursal disease virus has been consistently observed in penguins in Antarctica (Gardner et al 1997;Gauthier-Clerc et al 2002;Grimaldi et al 2018), it has been proposed that these could be false positives due to exposure to crustacean birnaviruses in their diet (Grimaldi et al 2018).…”

“…A few serological surveys of penguins breeding in South America have revealed exposure to potentially infectious agents of conservation significance (Karesh et al 1999;Travis et al 2006;Smith et al 2008), and a novel avian paramyxovirus was identified in Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome; Miller et al 2010). Yet, despite being the most numerous penguin species on this continent, serological surveys of Magellanic Penguins have been conducted only in Brazil, outside of their breeding distribution (Nunes et al 2012).…”

Health evaluation of African penguins (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>) in southern Africa

“…Antibodies against IBDV have been demonstrated in penguins by studies using ELISA in Brazil (Nunes et al . 2012 ) and virus neutralisation tests in Crozet Archipelago and at various locations in Antarctica (Gardner, Kerry & Riddle 1997 ; Gauthier-Clerc et al . 2002 ; Watts, Miller & Shellam 2009 ), whereas studies using agar-gel diffusion tests have failed to obtain positive results in South America (Karesh et al .…”