Investigation on group delay ripple effects and the hybrid approach for optical beamforming

Abstract

Optical beamforming techniques can be subdivided into three categories in general [4]. The first approach is the optical implementation of time-integral correlation techniques, which is so difficult in practice that this approach have received considerably less effort. The second approach provides narrow-band phase-only control of a microwave signal at each element. The idea was to reduce size, weight and system complexity while immune to EMI. This idea is further improved in the last category, which includes the optical implementations of large instantaneous bandwidth with true time delay. The optical beamforming proposed in this project