“…Nickel-based alloys are widely used in the construction of pressurized water reactors (PWRs), fast neutron reactors (FBRs), and fusion reactors [1,2]. The Inconel690 alloy is a common choice for manufacturing critical structural components in nuclear reactors, such as the reactor pressure vessel (RPV), steam generator tubes (SG tubes), nozzle safety ends, and tube seat penetrations [3].…”