Investigation on Ash-Fusion Characteristics of Livestock Manure and Low-Rank Coals

Abstract

Large amounts of livestock manure are produced annually, and cogasification offers a promising method for large-scale and clean use of manure. To investigate the ash-fusion characteristics (AFC) of livestock manure and coal, and their variation mechanisms, the AFCs of two coals (Yima long-flame coal and Husheng lignite), two manures (cattle manure (CM), and swine manure (SM)), and their mixtures were explored. An increase in the ash mass ratio of the CM or SM increased the sintering temperature (T s) of two mixed coal ashes (the SM enhanced the T s more than that of the CM); however, their ash-fusion temperature (AFT) decreased first and then increased (the turning points for the Yima long-flame coal ash mixture were CM: ∼60% and SM: ∼40%, and those for the Husheng lignite were SM: ∼70% and SM: ∼50%). The T s was induced by partial particle surface fusion, and was related to the formation of a low melting eutectic (e.g., binary systems for K2SiO3–Na2Si2O5 and Na2S–FeS) and their contents. The AFT indicated that the bulk melting property was determined mainly by ash composition, especially for a basic/acid ratio. The disappearance of mullite and the formation of high melting-point phosphates (e.g., KCaPO4, K2CaP2O7, and Ca2.71Mg0.27(PO4)2) resulted in AFT fluctuations of the mixtures.

Early layer formation on K-feldspar during fluidized bed combustion with phosphorus-rich fuel

“…This could hinder the deposition of ash particles and therefore be the reason for a comparably thinner average layer formation [15]. At the interface of the deposited ash particles and the bed particle, Ca 5 P 2 SiO 12 was calculated to form, which agrees with the previously suggested formation of silicophosphates occurring when different P-rich fuels were thermally converted [9,[49][50].…”

Upgrading of Low-Grade Colombian Coals via Low-Cost and Sustainable Calcium Nitrate Dense Media Separation

“…If ash content could be reduced to less than 10%, then potentially these low-grade Colombian coals could be used as metallurgical coals, 54 and command a much higher price in the global coal market. 8 Ash fusion ovens (AFO) are usually used to investigate the slagging and fouling characteristics of fuels, 59 but this study has identified a novel use for AFO to analyze coal swelling. Lumps (<6 mm) of Cundinamarca and Antioquia were placed in an AFO and heated to 900 °C in air and recorded using an externally mounted camera.…”

“…Ash fusion ovens (AFO) are usually used to investigate the slagging and fouling characteristics of fuels, but this study has identified a novel use for AFO to analyze coal swelling. Lumps (<6 mm) of Cundinamarca and Antioquia were placed in an AFO and heated to 900 °C in air and recorded using an externally mounted camera …”

Review of Phosphorus Chemistry in the Thermal Conversion of Biomass: Progress and Perspectives

“…Since no systematic compilation of phosphorus-rich biomass is available in the literature, the data for 96 different biomasses from studies relating to thermal conversion are compiled in this review (refs , , , , – , , , , , , – ). The amount of phosphorus in these biomasses is shown in Figure .…”