Investigation of wind shear coefficients and their effect on annual energy yields along the coastal sites of Pakistan

Abstract

Ten-year hourly recorded wind meteorological data at six sites along the coastline of Pakistan at two heights (10 and 50 m) were extrapolated to two higher heights (80 and 100 m). Monthly and seasonal analysis of variation in air density (ρ), wind speed, Weibull parameters ( K and C), wind power density, and wind energy density with height was investigated. Analysis shows that wind shear coefficient is highest in winter and lowest in summer. ρ, wind speed, wind power density, and wind energy density all increase with increasing hub height, with the most prominent increment in winter and the lowest in summer. With increasing height, K has been found to decrease slightly while C increases. Techno-economic feasibility analysis of annual energy production using 15 turbines was carried out which shows that capacity factor alone cannot render a turbine feasible but also economic assessment is mandatory to evaluate the feasibility of turbines. G1 and G2 turbines have been found the best options while B5 and V2 as the worst. Comparison among sites shows that Karachi is the most potential site with cost of energy of $0.017/kW h while Jiwani is the worst site with cost of energy of $0.039/kW h both at 100 m height.

Efficiency comparison of historical and newly developed Weibull parameters estimation methods

“…The Weibull function (f(V)) with shape (K) and scale (C) parameters used to model various phenomenon; especially wind data is given as follows equation (1) (Akpinar and Akpinar, 2005; Carta and Ramirez, 2007; Chang, 2011; Khahro et al., 2014; Mathew et al., 2002; Sumair et al., 2020b, 2020c, 2020d, 2020g, 2020h) …”

“…Furthermore, this distribution was used to determine wind potential at Izmir (Ozay and Celiktas, 2016). Many other researchers also made use of Weibull distribution for WRA, as presented in (Akdağ and Dinler, 2009; Shami et al., 2016; Shoaib et al., 2017; 2019; Sumair et al., 2020b, 2020d, 2020f, 2020g).…”

Application of five continuous distributions and evaluation of wind potential at five stations using normal distribution

“…Two parameters of this distribution are represented by K and C, and its density function is given below (Aized et al, 2019;Bagiorgas et al, 2012;Khahro et al, 2014aKhahro et al, , 2014bShoaib et al, 2017;Sumair et al, 2020a;2020b).…”

Extrapolation of wind data using generalized versus site-specific wind power law for wind power production prospective at Shahbandar- a coastal site in Pakistan

“…Wind power law. Wind power law as given in (Khahro et al, 2014c;Sumair et al, 2020e) has widely been used to extrapolate the wind data. It is given as follows…”