Investigation of two-stage concentrating splitting photovoltaic/thermal system with a flexible heat-electricity ratio based on nanofluid

Methanol steam reforming reactor design for efficient photovoltaic–thermochemical power generation

“…where A PV is the area of the PV cell. The le side of eqn (13) represents the solar energy collected by the PV cell. P PV and _ Q PV,heat are the PV power and the PV heat rate generated by the PV cell, respectively.…”

“…9 This is because the low-temperature PV heat has a low heat-electric efficiency and limited application scenarios (mainly providing heat or cooling). [10][11][12][13] Besides, uctuating electric output of the PVT system and the potentially required expensive energy storage system remain common barriers to its effective solar utilization. An efficient and stable solar power supply is still the key challenge to be solved.…”