Investigation of the Viability of Unmanned Autonomous Container Ships under Different Carbon Pricing Scenarios

Jovanović, Ivana; Perčić, Maja; Koričan, Marija; Vladimir, Nikola; Fan, Ailong

doi:10.3390/jmse10121991

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Moreover, more life cycle factors, such as income, loan repayment, interest payments, maintenance and repair costs, can be incorporated into the problem. Additionally, new policies and requirements for decarbonization, such as a carbon tax [47], energy efficiency existing ships index (EEXI), and carbon intensity indicator (CII), can be considered. Lastly, future studies may explore the impact of potential government subsidies on the investment cost for ships with multi-fuel engines, as such incentives play a vital role in promoting the adoption of new green technologies [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Selection of Multi-Fuel Engines for Ships Considering Fuel Price Uncertainty

Wu,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Mathematics

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Maritime transport serves as the backbone of international trade, accounting for more than 90% of global trade. Although maritime transport is cheaper and safer than other modes of transport, it often means long sailing distances, which often results in substantial fuel consumption and emissions. Liner shipping, a vital component of maritime transport, plays an important role in achieving sustainable maritime operations, necessitating the implementation of green liner shipping practices. Therefore, this study formulates a nonlinear integer programming model for a multi-fuel engine selection optimization problem to optimally determine ship order choice in terms of the fuel engine type, fleet deployment, fuel selection, and speed optimization, with the aim of minimizing the total weekly cost containing the weekly investment cost for ship orders and the weekly fuel cost. Given the complexity of solving nonlinear models, several linearization techniques are applied to transform the nonlinear model into a linear model that can be directly solved by Gurobi. To evaluate the performance of the linear model, 20 sets of numerical instances with, at most, seven routes are conducted. The results show that among 20 numerical instances, 16 sets of numerical instances are solved to optimality within two hours. The average gap value of the remaining four sets of numerical instances that cannot be solved to optimality within two hours is 0.51%. Additionally, sensitivity analyses are performed to examine crucial parameters, such as the weekly investment cost for ordering ships, the ship ordering budget, and the potential application of new fuel engine types, thereby exploring managerial insights. In conclusion, our findings indicate that equipping ships with low-sulfur fuel oil engines proves to be the most economical advantageous option in the selected scenarios. Furthermore, ordering ships with low-sulfur fuel, oil + methanol + liquefied natural gas engines, is beneficial when the weekly investment cost for such engines does not exceed $13,000, under the current parameter value setting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Selection of Multi-Fuel Engines for Ships Considering Fuel Price Uncertainty

Wu,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Mathematics

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“…Sa automatizacijom i modernizacijom broda, broj posade se značajno smanjio. Sa otprilike 100 članova posade 1900. godine na 15-26 članova posade do 2022. godine na komercijalnim prekookenaskim brodovima [27]. Brodarska industrija se stotinama godina oslanjala na znanje i iskustvo posade [28] i trenutni koncepti brodova su tako dizajnirani da njima upravljaju ljudi [23].…”

Section: Uvodunclassified

“…Autonomna plovila imaju manju potrošnju goriva, što rezultira nižim troškovima goriva i emisijom izduvnih gasova. U autonomnom brodarstvu smanjuju se operativni troškovi i ukupni troškovi broda su niži [27]. U nastavku rada dat je prikaz postojeće zakonske regulative i definisani su nedostaci koji su u vezi sa uvođenjem autonomnih brodova u pomorski transport i u transport na unutrašnjim plovnim putevima.…”

Section: Prednost Autonomnih Brodovaunclassified

Overview and analysis of regulatory framework for the application of autonomous vessels

Abođi,

Živojinović,

Kaplanović

et al. 2024

Tehnika

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The notion of an autonomous ship has led to a reconsideration of the existing concept of the ship in terms of safety, security, design, crew, equipment, regulatory and participants in the transport process and in the entire supply chain. The paper analyzes the existing regulatory frameworks on the topic of autonomous ships and regulations dealing with the safety of vessels in maritime transport and inland waterways transportation. An overview of the literature is given in which it is defined how existing regulations should be modified to adapt to autonomous ships. The main difference is the level of ship automation, which depends on the navigation sector. The regulations defined by the International Maritime Organization are applied for navigation in maritime transportation, while the regulations of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine have been adopted for inland waterways. In order to establish safe and unhindered navigation, it is necessary to define and adopt regulatory framework for the navigation of autonomous ships on inland waterways.

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“…In general, the emergence of autonomous ships signifies a substantial advancement within the maritime sector. Compared with conventional ships, autonomous ships are generally anticipated to have lower emissions, reduced operational costs, and enhanced safety [4,5]. However, it is imperative to acknowledge that the critical technologies underpinning these autonomous systems are still in the process of maturation, and safety and security challenges remain [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Software FMEA and STPA to Develop a Bayesian Network-Based Software Risk Model for Autonomous Ships

Yang,

Zhu,

Zhou

et al. 2023

JMSE

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The autonomous shipping industry is increasingly focusing on enhancing the safety and reliability of software-based systems. Conducting a risk assessment is a requirement for demonstrating the safety equivalence of autonomous ships based on such systems to conventional vessels. Traditional risk assessment models, however, primarily focus on hardware failures, often overlooking potential software-related failures and functional inadequacies. This study proposes a framework integrating Software Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), System–Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), and Bayesian Network (BN) for risk identification of autonomous ship software systems. The results of a case study reveal that the framework sufficiently addresses the multifaceted nature of risks related to software in autonomous ships. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest the need for standardization of software architecture development in the autonomous ship industry and highlight the necessity for an enhanced understanding of AI-specific risks and the development of tailored risk assessment methodologies.

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Investigation of the Viability of Unmanned Autonomous Container Ships under Different Carbon Pricing Scenarios

Cited by 11 publications

References 49 publications

Optimal Selection of Multi-Fuel Engines for Ships Considering Fuel Price Uncertainty

Optimal Selection of Multi-Fuel Engines for Ships Considering Fuel Price Uncertainty

Overview and analysis of regulatory framework for the application of autonomous vessels

Integrating Software FMEA and STPA to Develop a Bayesian Network-Based Software Risk Model for Autonomous Ships

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