Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV‐1 during an outbreak of EHV‐1 myeloencephalopathy in California

Pusterla, Nicola; Mapes, S.; Wademan, Cara; White, A. A.; Estell, Krista E.; Swain, E. A.

doi:10.1136/vr.100598

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It has been reported previously that it is difficult to infect donkeys experimentally with EHV-1 derived from a horse (Gupta et al, 2000). However, recent reports from Ethiopia of severe disease in donkeys caused by EHV-1 suggest that these animals can be productively infected naturally and may be able to shed virus in a similar way to that reported for mules, thus posing a threat to other equines in close proximity (Negussie, Gizaw, Tessema, & Nauwynck, 2015;Pusterla et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks

Bryant

Wilkie

Russell

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryEquine herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1) causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease in equines and is endemic in most countries. The viral factors that influence EHV‐1 disease severity are poorly understood, and this has hampered vaccine development. However, the N752D substitution in the viral DNA polymerase catalytic subunit has been shown statistically to be associated with neurological disease. This has given rise to the term “neuropathic strain,” even though strains lacking the polymorphism have been recovered from cases of neurological disease. To broaden understanding of EHV‐1 diversity in the field, 78 EHV‐1 strains isolated over a period of 35 years were sequenced. The great majority of isolates originated from the United Kingdom and included in the collection were low passage isolates from respiratory, abortigenic and neurological outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis of regions spanning 80% of the genome showed that up to 13 viral clades have been circulating in the United Kingdom and that most of these are continuing to circulate. Abortion isolates grouped into nine clades, and neurological isolates grouped into five. Most neurological isolates had the N752D substitution, whereas most abortion isolates did not, although three of the neurological isolates from linked outbreaks had a different polymorphism. Finally, bioinformatic analysis suggested that recombination has occurred between EHV‐1 clades, between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 4, and between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 8.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks

Bryant

Wilkie

Russell

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Pusterla et al. () reported that mules are protected against the development of neurological signs and that they are silent shedders of EHV‐1 during an EHM outbreak among horses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of EHM‐affected donkeys and mules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infections with EHV‐1 have been identified in other members of the family Equidae than horses, including mules and donkeys, which establish typically silent infections and serve as reservoir hosts (Van Maanen, ; Pusterla et al., ). Although all breeds of horses are susceptible to the neurologic form of EHV‐1 infection, EHM from clinically affected donkeys and mules are poorly reported (Pusterla et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy, an Emerging Threat of Working Equids in Ethiopia

Negussie

Gizaw

Tessema

et al. 2015

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Although equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a sporadic and relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), it has the potential for causing devastating outbreaks in horses. Up till now, there were no reported EHM outbreaks in donkeys and mules. This study describes the isolation and molecular characterization of EHV-1 from clinically EHM-affected horses (n = 6), mules (n = 3) and donkeys (n = 82) in Ethiopia during outbreaks from May 2011 to December 2013. The incidence of EHM cases was higher from April to mid-June. EHM in donkeys was more severe and death without clinical signs of paralysis, and recumbency was frequently observed. The main age of affected equines ranged from 7 to 10 years (n = 51; 56.0%), and females (n = 58; 63.7%) were more affected than males. The incidence of neuropathogenic (D ) and non-neuropathogenic (N ) variants of EHV-1 from EHM-affected equines in Ethiopia was assessed by sequencing the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30) of the EHV-1 isolates. The results indicated that from the total of 91 clinically affected equines, 90 (98.9%) of them had an ORF30 D genotype. An ORF30 N variant was only found in one donkey. Analysis of ORF68 as grouping marker for geographical differences showed that the Ethiopian EHV-1 isolates belong to geographical group 4. Due to the fatal nature of EHV-1 in donkeys, it would be interesting to examine the pathogenesis of EHM in this species. At present, there is no vaccine available in Ethiopia, and therefore, outbreaks of EHV-1 should be controlled by proper management adaptations. In addition, it is important to test the efficacy of the commercial vaccines not only in horses, but also in donkeys and mules.

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“…EHM was present in equine population as early as 1950s, however, its importance came to limelight in the last decade after large outbreaks of EHM occurred in Europe and America (Perkins et al, 2009;Vissani et al, 2009;Pronost et al, 2010;Smith et al, 2010;Fritsche & Borchers 2011;Pusterla et al, 2012;Damiani et al, 2014;Stasiak et al, 2015). Neurological disease can affect horses of all ages, including un-weaned foals, and often requires euthanasia of affected animal Horses exhibiting neurologic diseases can shed the virus in their nasal secretions and transmit the disease to in-contact animals (Henninger et al, 2007).…”

Section: Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Europian countries viz., France (Pronost et al, 2010;van Galen et al, 2015), Germany (Fritsche & Borchers, 2011;Damiani et al, 2014), Belgium (van der Meulen et al, 2003;Gryspeerdt et al, 2011), Poland (Stasiak et al, 2015), Netherlands (Goehring et al, 2006) and Croatia (Barbic et al, 2012); North American countries viz., Canada (Burgess et al, 2012) and U.S.A (Nugent et al, 2006;Henninger et al, 2007;Perkins et al, 2009;Smith et al, 2010;Pusterla et al, 2012); South American countries viz., Brazil (Mori et al, 2011) and Argentina (Vissani et al, 2009); Asian countries viz., Turkey (Yilmaz et al, 2012); Japan (Tsujimura et al, 2011) and India (Unpublished data); Islands viz ., Australia (Cuxson et al, 2014) and Newzealand (McFadden et al, 2016); African countries viz., Ethiopia (Negussie et al, 2015) experienced…”

Section: Prevalence Of Neuropathogenictymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of equine herpes virus 1 myeloencephalopathy: A brief review

Gulati¹,

Anagha²,

Riyesh³

et al. 2016

JEBAS

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Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV‐1 during an outbreak of EHV‐1 myeloencephalopathy in California

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks

Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks

Equine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy, an Emerging Threat of Working Equids in Ethiopia

Emergence of equine herpes virus 1 myeloencephalopathy: A brief review

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