“…In Iran, the laws may not pose obstacles for women in many cases; however, the glass ceiling, i.e., the existing but invisible restrictions, hinder their promotion. [ 5 6 7 ] Regarding an increased need for diversity in the workforce, studies by Powell and Graves (2009) and McKimman et al . (2003) reported an increased number of women held in the lower and middle managerial positions, which coincides with their increased demand for equality in the workplace.…”