Investigation of the potential for triterpene synthesis in rice through genome mining and metabolic engineering

Inagaki, Yoshishige; Etherington, Graham J.; Geisler, Katrin; Field, Ben; Dokarry, Melissa; Ikeda, Kazuko; Mutsukado, Yukako; Dicks, Jo; Osbourn, Anne

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03712.x

Cited by 47 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…GC-MS has been combined with gene expression analysis to identify a number of genes involved in triterpene synthesis to also be present in rice. Expression of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme AsbAB1 encoding the β-amyrin synthase in rice showed that rice is capable of β-amyrin synthesis [100] hence identifying the potential for metabolic engineering of saponin regulated resistance in other cereals. A method for the quantification of saponins using LC-MS/MS has recently been developed [101].…”

Section: Saponinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Cereal Secondary Metabolites Involved in Mediating the Outcome of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Fall

Solomon

2011

Metabolites

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Cereal crops such as wheat, rice and barley underpin the staple diet for human consumption globally. A multitude of threats to stable and secure yields of these crops exist including from losses caused by pathogens, particularly fungal. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to resist pathogens including programmed cell death responses, the release of pathogenicity-related proteins and oxidative bursts. Another such mechanism is the synthesis and release of secondary metabolites toxic to potential pathogens. Several classes of these compounds have been identified and their anti-fungal properties demonstrated. However the lack of suitable analytical techniques has hampered the progress of identifying and exploiting more of these novel metabolites. In this review, we summarise the role of the secondary metabolites in cereal crop diseases and briefly touch on the analytical techniques that hold the key to unlocking their potential in reducing yield losses.

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Section: Saponinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Cereal Secondary Metabolites Involved in Mediating the Outcome of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Fall

Solomon

2011

Metabolites

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“…Interestingly, other monocotyledons such as rice and Brachypodium also contain CYP51H genes although these species are not known to accumulate saponins. Brachypodium has three CYP51H genes and two CYP51H pseudogenes, whereas rice has six CYP51Hs that are likely to be functional and three CYP51H pseudogenes [68], indicating that the CYP51Hs paralogues in these two monocotyledons are not stable. The oat CYP51H10 enzyme is the only example known so far of a CYP51 that has been duplicated and neofunctionalized to produce a specialized compound.…”

Section: Recruitment Of P450s For Triterpenoid Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant P450s as versatile drivers for evolution of species-specific chemical diversity

Hamberger

Bak

2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

262

231

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The irreversible nature of reactions catalysed by P450s makes these enzymes landmarks in the evolution of plant metabolic pathways. Founding members of P450 families are often associated with general (i.e. primary) metabolic pathways, restricted to single copy or very few representatives, indicative of purifying selection. Recruitment of those and subsequent blooms into multi-member gene families generates genetic raw material for functional diversification, which is an inherent characteristic of specialized (i.e. secondary) metabolism. However, a growing number of highly specialized P450s from not only the CYP71 clan indicate substantial contribution of convergent and divergent evolution to the observed general and specialized metabolite diversity. We will discuss examples of how the genetic and functional diversification of plant P450s drives chemical diversity in light of plant evolution. Even though it is difficult to predict the function or substrate of a P450 based on sequence similarity, grouping with a family or subfamily in phylogenetic trees can indicate association with metabolism of particular classes of compounds. Examples will be given that focus on multi-member gene families of P450s involved in the metabolic routes of four classes of specialized metabolites: cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates, mono-to triterpenoids and phenylpropanoids.

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“…This is due partly to higher plants being complex multicellular organisms, in which terpene metabolism generally utilizes more complex innate machinery that can be compartmentalized intracellularly and to cell/tissue specificities (Lange and Ahkami, 2013;Kempinski et al, 2015). Significant efforts have been made to overcome these obstacles to improve the production of valuable terpenes in plants, including monoterpenes (Lücker et al, 2004;Ohara et al, 2010;Lange et al, 2011), sesquiterpenes (Aharoni et al, 2003;Kappers et al, 2005;Wu et al, 2006;Davidovich-Rikanati et al, 2008), diterpenes (Besumbes et al, 2004;Anterola et al, 2009), and triterpenes (Inagaki et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2012). Among these, engineering terpene metabolism into a subcellular organelle, where the engineered enzymes/ pathways can utilize unlimited/unregulated precursors as substrates, appears most successful.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Triterpene and Methylated Triterpene Production in Plants Provides Biochemical and Physiological Insights into Terpene Metabolism

et al. 2015

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Linear, branch-chained triterpenes, including squalene (C30), botryococcene (C30), and their methylated derivatives (C31-C37), generated by the green alga Botryococcus braunii race B have received significant attention because of their utility as chemical and biofuel feedstocks. However, the slow growth habit of B. braunii makes it impractical as a production system. In this study, we evaluated the potential of generating high levels of botryococcene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants by diverting carbon flux from the cytosolic mevalonate pathway or the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate pathway by the targeted overexpression of an avian farnesyl diphosphate synthase along with two versions of botryococcene synthases. Up to 544 mg g 21 fresh weight of botryococcene was achieved when this metabolism was directed to the chloroplasts, which is approximately 90 times greater than that accumulating in plants engineered for cytosolic production. To test if methylated triterpenes could be produced in tobacco, we also engineered triterpene methyltransferases (TMTs) from B. braunii into wild-type plants and transgenic lines selected for highlevel triterpene accumulation. Up to 91% of the total triterpene contents could be converted to methylated forms (C31 and C32) by cotargeting the TMTs and triterpene biosynthesis to the chloroplasts, whereas only 4% to 14% of total triterpenes were methylated when this metabolism was directed to the cytoplasm. When the TMTs were overexpressed in the cytoplasm of wild-type plants, up to 72% of the total squalene was methylated, and total triterpene (C30+C31+C32) content was elevated 7-fold. Altogether, these results point to innate mechanisms controlling metabolite fluxes, including a homeostatic role for squalene.

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Investigation of the potential for triterpene synthesis in rice through genome mining and metabolic engineering

Cited by 47 publications

References 69 publications

Role of Cereal Secondary Metabolites Involved in Mediating the Outcome of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Role of Cereal Secondary Metabolites Involved in Mediating the Outcome of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Plant P450s as versatile drivers for evolution of species-specific chemical diversity

Engineering Triterpene and Methylated Triterpene Production in Plants Provides Biochemical and Physiological Insights into Terpene Metabolism

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