“…It has been reported that there are two kinds of protective agents: small molecule (such as amino acids, sugar alcohols, fatty acids, oligosaccharides, and surfactants) and macromolecular (such as polysaccharides, proteins, and peptides) (Wang, Chen, Wu, & Wang, ; Zhang, Yin, Wei, Du, & Jian, ). Moreover, antifreeze peptides have been found to be a novel and effective cryoprotectant for the lactic acid bacteria when they are exposed to freezing temperatures (Li et al., ).…”