Investigation of the Life Cycle and Adult Morphology of the Avian Blood Fluke Austrobilharzia variglandis (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) from Connecticut

Barber, Kenneth E.; Caira, Janine N.

doi:10.2307/3283857

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Also, snails infected during late summer can survive through the winter season and serve as a source of cercariae in spring (13,272,273). Global warming is predicted to have a positive effect on trematode intramolluscan stages, because their development is strongly temperature dependent, leading to increased cercarial emission rates.…”

Section: Global Warming and Eutrophicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a condition caused by infective larvae (cercariae) of a species-rich group of mammalian and avian schistosomes. Over the last decade, it has been reported in areas that previously had few or no cases of dermatitis and is thus considered an emerging disease. It is obvious that avian schistosomes are responsible for the majority of reported dermatitis outbreaks around the world, and thus they are the primary focus of this review. Although they infect humans, they do not mature and usually die in the skin. Experimental infections of avian schistosomes in mice show that in previously exposed hosts, there is a strong skin immune reaction that kills the schistosome. However, penetration of larvae into naive mice can result in temporary migration from the skin. This is of particular interest because the worms are able to migrate to different organs, for example, the lungs in the case of visceral schistosomes and the central nervous system in the case of nasal schistosomes. The risk of such migration and accompanying disorders needs to be clarified for humans and animals of interest (e.g., dogs). Herein we compiled the most comprehensive review of the diversity, immunology, and epidemiology of avian schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis.

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Section: Global Warming and Eutrophicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

et al. 2015

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“…where gulls are infected regularly with Austrobilharzia, in particular (e.g., Johnston, 1941;Rohde, 1977;Appleton, 1984;Barber and Caira, 1995;Brant et al, 2010). At least for Austrobilharzia, other families of marine birds can also serve as hosts and this genus is still by far the most often recovered in surveys of marine intertidal birds ( Table I).…”

Section: Certain Species Of Gulls May Represent a Common Host For Thesementioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Placement of a Schistosome from an Unusual Marine Snail Host, the False Limpet (Siphonaria lessoni) and Gulls (Larus dominicanus) from Argentina with a Brief Review of Marine Schistosomes from Snails

Brant

Loker

Casalins

et al. 2017

Journal of Parasitology

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In the blood fluke family Schistosomatidae, marine snails are well known as intermediate hosts. Eight families of marine snails have thus far been reported to host schistosomes across the world, most of which have been implicated in human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) outbreaks. As part of our larger effort to define the species diversity and biology of schistosomes in Argentina, in particular their role in causing HCD, we searched in the marine pulmonate snail (Siphonaria lessoni) for a schistosome species described previously from S. lessoni from southern Argentina. Additionally, gulls (Larus dominicanus) collected from a different project locality (inland) were examined, because they are known to spend time in the intertidal regions. Schistosome sporocysts were found in S. lessoni, and a small worm fragment was retrieved from a gull. Molecular phylogenies for 28S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and cox1 genes revealed that the specimens from the gull and S. lessoni grouped closely together, suggesting they are conspecifics. Also, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences suggested one of the schistosomes from S. lessoni and a schistosome from a South African penguin were also conspecifics. Further study is needed to verify if these specimens comprise a distinct marine clade within the larger avian schistosome clade that is comprised mostly of species using freshwater snail hosts. Thus far, it appears this group of marine schistosomes may be more likely found in the southern hemisphere. It is unclear if the observed distribution pattern of schistosomes in Siphonaria is a result of sampling bias and/or indicative of a specific bird-snail-schistosome association. It is clear they are sharply differentiated from the basal marine clade of avian schistosomes that includes Austrobilharzia.

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“…Our measurements of what we identified as Austrobilharzia variglandis are slightly smaller than those reported by Stunkard and Hinchliffe (1952) and may represent an atypical infection. In any event, the eastern mudsnail (Nassarius obsoletus) (also known as the mud whelk, Ilyanassa obsoleta), intermediate snail host for A. variglandis, occurs along the northern Gulf of Mexico as well as along the eastern US seaboard, where infections in it have been investigated (Barber and Caira 1995). Gulls appear to be the primary avian host for the species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, when the bird infected by the schistosome Austrobilharzia variglandis defecates in marine waters containing the eastern mudsnail (Nassarius obsoletus), the snail can get infected by the miracidia (larval stage hatched from the worm's egg) and this larva undergoes asexual reproduction, ultimately producing many thousands of cercariae. The cercaria is the invasive stage shed from the snail that infects the AWP or a variety of gulls and shore birds (e.g., Barber and Caira 1995). If it invades a human rather than the bird, it does not develop, but rather it establishes a host sensitivity response such that future invasions result in a hypersensitivity reaction in the skin of one who inhabits water containing the cercaria.…”

Section: Health Of Humans and Domestic Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasites of the American White Pelican

Overstreet

Curran

2005

GCR

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Metazoan symbionts, including parasites, infecting the American white pelican (AWP) Pelecanus erythrorhynchos comprise a list of 75 species, 7 of which are new host records. Several new geographic records are also presented, but generally these have a low value because of the migratory nature of the bird. Evidence suggests that some parasites, mostly flies and other arthropods but also nematodes and digeneans, produce detrimental behavioral or pathologic changes in the AWP. Some of the arthropods transmit microbial agents to the pelican. Two digeneans that have the AWP as a definitive host harm and even kill their catfish intermediate host, especially in aquaculture, and another causes abnormalities and mortality in amphibians. Some of the arthropods with low hostspecificity can potentially transmit harmful microbial agents to humans and domestic animals. A few avian bloodflukes, intestinal flukes, and nematodes can potentially cause "swimmers itch," gastroenteritis, and "anisakiasis," respectively, in humans. Because of the life cycles of some helminths, presence of those worms can provide an indication as to the dietary items of a specific pelican individual, where the individual has been, and how long it has been present in an area. Feather mites, lice, and diplostomoid digeneans serve as good parasites to indicate phylogenetic relationships among different pelican species as well as relationships among the Pelecanidae and other families such as the Sulidae.

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Investigation of the Life Cycle and Adult Morphology of the Avian Blood Fluke Austrobilharzia variglandis (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) from Connecticut

Cited by 21 publications

References 18 publications

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

Phylogenetic Placement of a Schistosome from an Unusual Marine Snail Host, the False Limpet (Siphonaria lessoni) and Gulls (Larus dominicanus) from Argentina with a Brief Review of Marine Schistosomes from Snails

Parasites of the American White Pelican

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