Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC 811 (LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂) by hydrochloric acid for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes

Abstract

This paper investigates the reactions involved when LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC 811), which is one of the most promising positive electrodes for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries, is leached by hydrochloric acid.This study shows that the leaching behaviour of lithium is quite different than those observed for nickel, cobalt and manganese contained in NMC 811 since lithium dissolution is faster than those observed for nickel, cobalt and manganese. Analysis of leaching kinetic data evidenced that NMC 811 dissolution occurs in two steps. In the first step, NMC is transformed into a new phase which contains less lithium (2.8 < n < 3.6): 1 st step:1 À 1 2n Cl 2;ðgÞ . Finally, the overall reaction of NMC 811 leaching by hydrochloric acid can be written as: 2LiMO 2,(s) + 8HCl (l) # 2LiCl (l) + 2MCl 2,(l) + 4H 2 O (l) + Cl 2,(g) .

The importance of design in lithium ion battery recycling – a critical review

“…32,100 The use of H 2 SO 4 and HCl releases gases such as sulphur trioxide and chlorine, respectively, and these need to be scrubbed from the air. 101 Organic acids (such as citric, oxalic, ascorbic and maleic acid) have been studied to circumvent this, 82,100 but an issue is that of selectivity to the metals and the ability to work with different battery chemistries. 69,82 In addition to the economics of the process, recovery efficiency and the rate at which material can be processed (space time yield, STY (yield/(time × volume)) are important parameters.…”

Advanced Low‐Flammable Electrolytes for Stable Operation of High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…The thickness of such a mixture layer is determined to be more than 20 nm. It should be noted that the phase transition of NMC811 particles is an inevitable process, which can be catalyzed by the presence of acidic species [13] . Since LiPF 6 inevitably leads to the generation of HF during the operation of the cells, the LiPF 6 ‐organocarbonates‐based electrolyte (E‐Baseline) is considered to contribute to the phase change of the NMC811 material [14] .…”

“…It should be noted that the phase transition of NMC811 particles is an inevitable process,w hich can be catalyzed by the presence of acidic species. [13] Since LiPF 6 inevitably leads to the generation of HF during the operation of the cells,t he LiPF 6 -organocarbonates-based electrolyte (E-Baseline) is considered to contribute to the phase change of the NMC811 material. [14] However,b ecause LiFSI is chemically more stable than LiPF 6 ,l ess acidic species are released into the electrolyte over the long-term cycling.…”

Application of a cashew-based oxime in extracting Ni, Mn and Co from aqueous solution

“…However, battery manufacturers tend to increase nickel content to improve capacity [23,24]. For instance, the LIBs for electric vehicles are now relying on NMC 622 (60% Ni, 20% Mn, and 20% Co) [25] and NMC 811 [20]. Consequently, a recycling facility should recover both Ni and Co.…”

“…This study explores the feasibility of the chemical to extract valuable metal from recycling LIBs and e-waste. Among the current LIBs, Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) is the most common cathode due to its high capacity [20]. Consequently, the extraction of the natural-based extractants with three divalent metals, Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Mn 2+ , is investigated.…”