Investigation of the Impact on Tungsten of Transient Heat Loads Induced by Laser Irradiation, Electron Beams and Plasma Guns

Theoretical investigation of crack formation in tungsten after heat loads

“…The derived crack depth dependence on heating power (hðWÞ) is compared with the experimental data (see Fig. 4) [10]. The maximum crack depth is about the size of the irradiated area.…”

“…However the presence of the preferential direction along the surface cannot dramatically change the conditions of crack formation. The experiments at GOL-3 are carried out with significant exceeding of the crack formation power threshold described by expressions (8) and (10). Therefore only the third condition of crack formation (12) could be checked.…”

Comparison of tungsten modification after irradiation at different facilities for PSI studies

“…The different techniques show, in general, similar damage behaviour and the same damage thresholds [8], [11].…”

“…Under loads of about 0.5 MJ/m 2 , the tungsten surface did not melt, but after multiple plasma impacts crack patterns are formed (found after irradiation by using Nd:YAG laser [4], [5], quasi-stationary plasma accelerators QSPA Kh-50 [6], linear plasma machines PSI-2 [7], Nd:YAG laser, JUDITH-1 and GOL-3 [8], [9]). …”

“…Bubbles and three different crack networks with typical cell sizes of 1000, 10 and 0.3 µm were detected after irradiation of the tungsten surface by different methods (after irradiation at the Nd:YAG laser [4], QSPA Kh-50 and GOL-3 [6], [10], PSI-2 [7], Nd:YAG laser, JUDITH-1 and GOL-3 [2], [8] [11]. The typical erosion depth is less than 20 μm [2], [10].…”