Investigation of the Fetch Effect Using Onshore and Offshore Vertical LiDAR Devices

Shimada, Shinichi; Takeyama, Yuko; Kogaki, Tetsuya; Ohsawa, Teruo; Nakamura, Shigeharu

doi:10.3390/rs10091408

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…The readers are referred to Barthelmie et al [12] for existing research and recommended practices for offshore wind speed measurements using in situ and remote sensing technologies. In this regard, Shimada et al [13] conducted a LiDAR-based measurement campaign in a coastline area to investigate changes in wind speed and turbulence level when the wind transitions from onshore to offshore wind or vice versa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can LiDARs Replace Meteorological Masts in Wind Energy?

2019

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This paper discusses whether profiling LiDARs can replace meteorological tower-based wind speed measurement for wind energy applications without severely compromising accuracy. To this end, the accuracy of LiDAR is evaluated in a moderately complex terrain by comparing long-term wind data measured by a profiling LiDAR against those obtained from tower-mounted cup and sonic anemometers. The LiDAR-measured wind speeds show good agreement with those measured using the sonic anemometer, with the slope of regression line being 1.0 and R 2 > 0.99 . Furthermore, the turbulence intensity obtained from the LiDAR has better agreement with that from the sonic anemometer compared to the cup anemometer which showed the lowest turbulence intensities among the three devices. A comparison of the turbulence intensity obtained from the 90th percentile of the standard deviation distribution shows that the LiDAR-measured turbulence intensities are mostly larger (by 2% or less) than those measured by the sonic anemometer. The gust factors obtained from both devices roughly converged to 1.9, showing that LiDAR is able to measure peak wind speed with acceptable accuracy. The accuracy of the wind speed and power distributions measured using the profiling LiDAR are then evaluated by comparing them against the corresponding distributions obtained from the sonic anemometer. Furthermore, the annual capacity factor—for the NREL 5-MW wind turbine—from the LiDAR-measured wind speed is 2% higher than that obtained from the sonic anemometer-measured wind speed. Numerical simulations are performed using OpenFAST in order to compute fatigue loads for the wind speed and turbulence distributions for the LiDAR and the sonic anemometer measurements. It is found that the 20 years lifetime Damage Equivalent Loads (DELs) computed for the LiDAR wind speed were higher than those for the sonic anemometer wind speeds, by 2%–6% for the blade root bending moments and by 11%–13% for the tower base bending moments. This study shows that even with some shortcomings, profiling LiDARs can measure wind speeds and turbulence intensities with acceptable accuracy. Therefore, they can be used to analyze wind resource and wind power potential of prospective sites, and to evaluate whether those sites are suitable for wind energy development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can LiDARs Replace Meteorological Masts in Wind Energy?

2019

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“…As an attractive and applicable alternative to meteorological towers, Doppler LiDARs have been mounted on different platforms to measure wind speeds and directions over the sea. Shimada et al [110] used two ground-based LiDARs to investigate coastal wind modifications, known as the fetch effect, to determine the optimal distance from the coast for a nearshore wind farm. Their results indicated that the wind speed increased with the increase of the fetch length within 5 km of the coast.…”

Section: Wind Resource Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs

et al. 2019

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Doppler wind LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) makes use of the principle of optical Doppler shift between the reference and backscattered radiations to measure radial velocities at distances up to several kilometers above the ground. Such instruments promise some advantages, including its large scan volume, movability and provision of 3-dimensional wind measurements, as well as its relatively higher temporal and spatial resolution comparing with other measurement devices. In recent decades, Doppler LiDARs developed by scientific institutes and commercial companies have been well adopted in several real-life applications. Doppler LiDARs are installed in about a dozen airports to study aircraft-induced vortices and detect wind shears. In the wind energy industry, the Doppler LiDAR technique provides a promising alternative to in-situ techniques in wind energy assessment, turbine wake analysis and turbine control. Doppler LiDARs have also been applied in meteorological studies, such as observing boundary layers and tracking tropical cyclones. These applications demonstrate the capability of Doppler LiDARs for measuring backscatter coefficients and wind profiles. In addition, Doppler LiDAR measurements show considerable potential for validating and improving numerical models. It is expected that future development of the Doppler LiDAR technique and data processing algorithms will provide accurate measurements with high spatial and temporal resolutions under different environmental conditions.

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“…The winds offshore in the coastal zone were investigated using two vertical profiling pulsed lidars by Shimada et al [31]. The instruments were located at the coast and 400 m out, mounted on a long pier in Japan.…”

Section: Overview Of Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial for the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Conditions for Wind Energy Applications”

Hasager

Sjöholm

2019

Remote Sensing

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This Special Issue hosts papers on aspects of remote sensing for atmospheric conditions for wind energy applications. The wind lidar technology is presented from a theoretical view on the coherent focused Doppler lidar principles. Furthermore, wind lidar for applied use for wind turbine control, wind farm wake, and gust characterizations are presented, as well as methods to reduce uncertainty when using lidar in complex terrain. Wind lidar observations are used to validate numerical model results. Wind Doppler lidar mounted on aircraft used for observing winds in hurricane conditions and Doppler radar on the ground used for very short-term wind forecasting are presented. For the offshore environment, floating lidar data processing is presented as well as an experiment with wind-profiling lidar on a ferry for model validation. Assessments of wind resources in the coastal zone using wind-profiling lidar and global wind maps using satellite data are presented.

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Investigation of the Fetch Effect Using Onshore and Offshore Vertical LiDAR Devices

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Can LiDARs Replace Meteorological Masts in Wind Energy?

Can LiDARs Replace Meteorological Masts in Wind Energy?

A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs

Editorial for the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Conditions for Wind Energy Applications”

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