Investigation of the Electrochemical Windows of Aprotic Alkali Metal (Li, Na, K) Salt Solutions

Moshkovich, M.; Gofer, Yosef; Aurbach, Doron

doi:10.1149/1.1357316

Cited by 182 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Their recent studies revealed that traces of oxygen, water and PC-reduction products form passivating surface films on gold, platinum, silver, nickel and copper electrodes, when these are polarized to low potentials in lithium-salt solutions. 53 In the study it was also found that the major constituent in the surface films is the PC-reduction product, CH 3 CH(OCO 2 2 Li surface species by LiF. The author concluded that it is not an increase in the SEI thickness, but rather resistivity changes that contribute to species-controlled resistance and lead to the high interfacial impedance of the lithium anode in LiPF 6 and LiAsF 6 electrolytes.…”

Section: Chemical Composition and Properties Of The Sei On Inert Subsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Peled

Menkin

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,546

1,474

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The Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase (SEI) model for non-aqueous alkali-metal batteries constitutes a paradigm change in the understanding of lithium batteries and has thus enabled the development of safer, durable, higher-power and lower-cost lithium batteries for portable and EV applications. Prior to the publication of the SEI model (1979), researchers used the Butler-Volmer equation, in which a direct electron transfer from the electrode to lithium cations in the solution is assumed. The SEI model proved that this is a mistaken concept and that, in practice, the transfer of electrons from the electrode to the solution in a lithium battery, must be prevented, since it will result in fast self-discharge of the active materials and poor battery performance. This model provides [E. Peled, in "Lithium Batteries," J.P. Gabano (ed), Academic Press, (1983), E. Peled, J. Electrochem. Soc., 126, 2047Soc., 126, (1979.] new equations for: electrode kinetics (i o and b), anode corrosion, SEI resistivity and growth rate and irreversible capacity loss of lithium-ion batteries. This model became a cornerstone in the science and technology of lithium batteries. This paper reviews the past, present and the future of SEI batteries. The PastPrior to the publication of the SEI model (1979), 1,4 researchers used the Butler-Volmer equation, in which direct electron transfer from the electrode to lithium cations in the solution is assumed. It was generally assumed that the rate-determining step (RDS) is the transfer of electrons from the metal to the cations in the solution. Researchers found that the lithium anode is covered by a passivating layer which interferes with the deposition/dissolution process of the anode. Brummer and Newman 2,3 concluded that a passivating anode can offer only a limited cycle life and in order to obtain a deep-discharge high-cycle-life secondary battery, the lithium anode must be free of a passivating layer and kinetically stable with respect to the electrolyte. The SEI model proved that this is a mistaken concept and that, in practice, the transfer of electrons from the electrode to the solution in a lithium battery, except when forming a SEI, must be prevented. The Present, Lithium-Metal and Lithium-Ion BatteriesIntroduction.-It is now generally accepted that the solidelectrolyte interphase (SEI) is essentially for the existence and successful operation of lithium-and sodium-battery systems, as primary and secondary power sources. 4 In 1979, it was proposed by Peled,

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Section: Chemical Composition and Properties Of The Sei On Inert Subsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Peled

Menkin

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,546

1,474

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A possible reason could be nested in the high solubility of the sodium oxides and carbonates in PC [36] due to the mild Lewis acid character of Na. This could result in the formation of less dense SEI films in PC-based electrolytes as 7 observed previously by SEM.…”

Section: Submitted To 4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsized Sn as Advanced Anodes in Glyme‐Based Electrolyte for Na‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2016

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“…The milder Lewis acid character of Na as compared to Li, which we could first see as a positive asset, turns out to be detrimental since most of the Nabased species forming the SEI are more soluble, hence leading to a less passivating SEI. 5 Fundamental mastery of SEI formation is greatly needed; the absence of such understanding can easily mislead us when testing new materials in Na half-cells. Gladly such an issue is alleviated by replacing Na by carbon in full Na-ion coin cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Na-Ion Battery Systems Based on Polyanionic or Layered Positive Electrodes and Carbon Anodes

Dugas

Zhang

Rozier

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The revival of the Na-ion battery concept has prompted intense research activities toward new Na-based insertion compounds and their implementation in full Na-ion cells. Herein, we report the optimization of full Na-ion cells consisting of either a layered oxide Na x (Fe 1/2 Mn 1/2 )O 2 or a polyanionic Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 cathode associated with a hard carbon anode. From charge/discharge curves collected via 2 or 3-electrode measurements, the charge/discharge profiles of full cells are simulated to evaluate the maximum energy density these two systems can deliver. Similar energies of 235 W h kg −1 are found for both systems provided that a fully sodiated Na 1 (Fe 1/2 Mn 1/2 )O 2 layered phase is used. Experimental cells confirm these values, and cells based on polyanionic compounds surpass the layered cathodes in terms of energy retention, average voltage and rate capabilities. By using Na sources to compensate for carbon's irreversible capacity, energy densities as high as 265 W h kg −1 can be reached with the Na 3+x V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 / hard C system. Overall, such studies reveal that the gravimetric energy density advantage of layered over polyanionic compounds for Li-ion batteries vanishes by moving to Na-ion. We hope this information will be of great interest for battery manufacturers willing to enroll in the future commercialization of Na-ion batteries. In recent years, lithium battery technology has emerged as the major contender to power electric vehicles. However, foreseen feedstock considerations raise concerns on Li reserves if automotive transportation becomes fully electric and grid applications rely more on Li batteries in the years to come.1,2 In anticipation of such a scenario, new chemistries must be developed, and the most appealing alternative is to use sodium, Na, instead of lithium. The development of a Na-ion technology will be perfectly suited to mass storage applications for which cost is an issue (Na is far more abundant than Li) but weight is of no importance. Within this context, the revival of the Na-ion battery concept ca. 2010, which had been abandoned in the 1980's with the advent of the lithium technology, does not come as a surprise, and neither do the intense research activities generated since then.Pleasantly such research efforts have confirmed that the current "know-how" gained from the development of Li-ion batteries can be implemented to the search for new electrodes as well as to the assembly of cells. Similar to the Li-ion technology, the two best Na positive electrode contenders are the Na-based layered oxides like P2-Na 2/3 (Fe 1/2 Mn 1/2 )O 2 and the polyanionic compounds like Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 , having capacities of 140 mA h g −1 and 110 mA h g −1 , respectively. Negative electrodes based on alloying reactions, conversion reactions involving oxides, and also insertion reactions have been studied, with the best compromise in terms of performances and costs being hard carbons. Turning to the electrolytes, aside from the use of Na-salts (NaPF 6 , NaTFSI), the sol...

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Investigation of the Electrochemical Windows of Aprotic Alkali Metal (Li, Na, K) Salt Solutions

Cited by 182 publications

References 23 publications

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Microsized Sn as Advanced Anodes in Glyme‐Based Electrolyte for Na‐Ion Batteries

Optimization of Na-Ion Battery Systems Based on Polyanionic or Layered Positive Electrodes and Carbon Anodes

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