Investigation of the effects of heating and air conditioning on the performance of smoke detectors in mobile homes

Bukowski, Richard W.

doi:10.6028/nbs.ir.79-1915

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The time to StF transition was not recorded; however, the experiment was carried out in 6 min, and the StF transition occurred within that time frame. This StF transition time was significantly shorter than the recorded time of the StF transition in the upholstered furniture fire tests due to a smouldering cigarette, i.e., between 20 and 132 min (Clarke and Ottoson, 1976;Bukowski et al, 1977;Harpe et al, 1977;Bukowski, 1979). Extrapolating the scenario of flaming from accumulated vegetation in the gutter, the melted shingles can lead to exposed wood roofing structures.…”

Section: Embers and Stf Transition In Wildfiresmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Many StF transition investigations, especially for upholstered furniture, were conducted during the 1970s and 1980s due to the concern of residential fires in which cigarettes were considered to be the major cause of ignition (Clarke and Ottoson, 1976;Babrauskas and Krasny, 1985). From a series of tests with assorted sofas, chairs, mattresses, and box springs as test materials, the time to StF transition occurred from 20 to 132 min (Clarke and Ottoson, 1976;Bukowski et al, 1977;Harpe et al, 1977;Bukowski, 1979). It was not until the fire tests conducted by Ogle and Schumacher (1998) that the mechanism leading to the StF transition was proposed.…”

Section: The Chimney Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of the Transition From Smouldering to Flaming Combustion in Wildfires

et al. 2019

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Wildfires are uncontrolled combustion events occurring in the natural environment (forest, grassland, or peatland). The frequency and size of these fires are expected to increase globally due to changes in climate, land use, and population movements, posing a significant threat to people, property, resources, and the environment. Wildfires can be broadly divided into two types: smouldering (heterogeneous combustion) and flaming (homogeneous combustion). Both are important in wildfires, and despite being fundamentally different, one can lead to the other. The smouldering-to-flaming (StF) transition is a quick initiation of homogeneous gas-phase ignition preceded by smouldering combustion, and is considered a threat because the following sudden increase in spread rate, power, and hazard. StF transition needs sufficient oxygen supply, heat generation, and pyrolysis gases. The unpredictable nature of the StF transition, both temporally and spatially, poses a challenge in wildfire prevention and mitigation. For example, a flaming fire may rekindle through the StF transition of an undetected smouldering fire or glowing embers. The current understanding of the mechanisms leading to the transition is poor and mostly limited to experiments with samples smaller than 1.2 m. Broadly, the literature has identified the two variables that govern this transition, i.e., oxygen supply and heat flux. Wind has competing effects by increasing the oxygen supply, but simultaneously increasing cooling. The permeability of a fuel and its ability to remain consolidated during burning has also been found to influence the transition. Permeability controls oxygen penetration into the fuel, and consolidation allows the formation of internal pores where StF can take place. Considering the high complexity of the StF transition problem, more studies are needed on different types of fuel, especially on wildland fuels because most studied materials are synthetic polymers. This paper synthesises the research, presents the various StF transition characteristics already in the literature, and identifies specific topics in need of further research.

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Section: Embers and Stf Transition In Wildfiresmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: The Chimney Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Transition From Smouldering to Flaming Combustion in Wildfires

et al. 2019

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“…Prior studies have evaluated alternate detection technologies such as heat detectors [1] and metal oxide gas sensing [7] compared to and in combination with particulate smoke sensing. In the present study residential carbon monoxide alarms were included to evaluate their performance individually and in combination with smoke and heat sensing.…”

Section: Examine Other Fire Detection Technologies In Combination With Smoke Alarmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of home smoke alarms analysis of the response of several available technologies in residential fire settings

Bukowski¹,

Peacock²,

Averill³

et al. 2008

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The policy of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is to use metric units of measurement in all its publications. In this document intended for the construction and building materials industries, however, in North America certain non-metric units are so widely used instead of metric units that it is more practical and less confusing to include certain measurement values in customary units only.

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“…Another test was later conducted at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS; since 1988 known as National Institute of Standards and Technology) under somewhat different conditions on replicate chairs and resulted in flaming after an average of 44 min (10). The chairs were covered with a cotton upholstery fabric, and padded with either cotton batting or polyurethane foam.…”

Section: Survey Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Upholstered Furniture Transition from Smoldering to Flaming

Babrauskas¹,

Krasny²

1997

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This paper reviews the available literature on experimental measurementsof smoldering to flaming transition in upholstered furniture. It is found that of 102 items, 64% made the transition to flaming. For the items which transitioned to flaming. the time for the transition to occur ranged from 22 to 306 min. Some of the factors affecting the likely time to transition are known qualitatively,but a quantitative method of prediction is not available which would allow one to predict such transition occurrence(and time) on the basis of construction details and fire environment.

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Investigation of the effects of heating and air conditioning on the performance of smoke detectors in mobile homes

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Review of the Transition From Smouldering to Flaming Combustion in Wildfires

Review of the Transition From Smouldering to Flaming Combustion in Wildfires

Performance of home smoke alarms analysis of the response of several available technologies in residential fire settings

Upholstered Furniture Transition from Smoldering to Flaming

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