Investigation of the domain structure of sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets by Bitter-pattern method

Szmaja, W.

doi:10.1007/s10582-004-1207-8

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Finally, isolated microwires were achieved by treating the sample with a resist remover to lift off the unwanted deposited material. Bitter pattern technique with a Kerr microscope was used to observe the effect of applied stress on the deposited thin‐films stack. The stress in this case was applied by holding one side of Kapton membrane strip firm and bending the other.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stress‐Induced Domain Wall Motion in FeCo‐Based Magnetic Microwires for Realization of Energy Harvesting

Bhatti

Liu

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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domains store information states and the information is read by moving the domains. [11,[14][15][16][17][18] Domain wall movement can also be explored for energy harvesting by converting stress into changes in magnetization and thus into electrical voltage. In the energy harvesting investigations reported so far, domain wall motion is accomplished only in multiferroic structures, where stress was induced by providing an electrical energy to the ferroelectric layers. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Employing significant amounts of electrical energy, however, defeats the purpose of energy harvesting. Moreover, ceramic ferroelectric layers, like PZT, require high-temperature deposition or postdeposition annealing (>400 °C) under severe oxidation conditions, which inevitably degrade the magnetic properties. [26] Therefore, stress-induced motion of domain walls in pure magnetic films without the use of ferroelectric layers and a supplied energy is a better approach for self-power generation. In the past, amorphous magnetic materials have been studied for domain wall dynamics under stress. [27,28] Pickup of voltage using a pickup coil was used for sensing the domain wall motion. [29][30][31] An analytical model for stress-induced transverse domain wall movement in ferromagnetic nanostripe has also been proposed. [32] In this article, we report that the domain walls in magnetic microwires made of crystalline ferromagnetic films can be moved by merely applying mechanical stress. The key recipes for the successful observation of such domain wall movement are: (i) a magnetic stack of CoNi/Fe 65 Co 35 /CoNi with which we have controlled the microstructures, (ii) an induced magnetic easy axis that we set by the direction of fringing magnetic field during the deposition (see the Supporting Information), and (iii) the use of flexible substrates with which we could enhance the stress delivered to the device from ambient sources, which is otherwise impossible with rigid substrates like Si. With a prototype device, we have shown in this article, the motion of domain walls under applied stress and have harvested energy.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bitter pattern technique [45,46] with a Kerr microscope was used to observe the effect of applied stress on the deposited thin-films stack. For this purpose, a photoresist was spin-coated on the membrane, exposed with a laser beam and developed to form trenches in the shape of microwires of defined dimensions.…”

Section: Wwwadvelectronicmatdementioning

confidence: 99%

Stress‐Induced Domain Wall Motion in FeCo‐Based Magnetic Microwires for Realization of Energy Harvesting

Bhatti

Liu

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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“…Nd-Fe-B magnets have been attracting much attention with their use increasing. 1 Their magnetic microstructures have been intensively examined using Kerr microscopy, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] magnetic force microscopy, 6,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] a Bitter method, 16,19,20 scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 21,22 Lorenz microscopy, 13,[23][24][25][26] and electron holography. 25,27 However, the role of the dipolar energy on the magnetization reversal process is not yet understood because quantitatively measuring the dipolar energies of magnetic materials is rather difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dipolar energies in Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnets with and without Nd-Cu infiltration

Ohtori

Iwano

Mitsumata

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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We analyze the dipolar energies of Nd-Cu-infiltrated Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnets during magnetization reversals by visualizing the magnetic dipolar interactions. Non-magnetic phases from the grains were identified by analyzing the element-specific magnetization distribution images taken with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. The magnetic dipolar interactions were calculated from the interactions between the magnetization at each point and those at other points in the scanning transmission X-ray microscopy images. We present the dipolar energy distributions in Nd-Cu infiltrated nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-B magnets and compare them with those in nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-B magnets without Nd-Cu infiltration. The interplay between the exchange and dipolar interactions in Nd-Fe-B magnets is found to be essential for obtaining high coercivities. V

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“…Recently, Nd-Fe-B magnets have been attracting much attention with the increase in the consumption of them 1 and have been intensively examined using Kerr microscopy, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] magnetic force microscopy, 3,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Bitter method, [17][18][19] scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 20,21 Lorenz microscopy, 13,[22][23][24][25] and electron holography. 24,26 In nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-B magnets, whose particle size is less than the single-domain size, magnetic dipolar interactions become essential in magnetization reversal processes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dipolar energy of Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnets in magnetization reversal process

Ohtori

Iwano

Mitsumata

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physics

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We analyzed the dipolar energy of Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnets in magnetization reversal process through visualizing magnetic dipolar interaction. We obtained magnetization distribution images experimentally by using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). The magnetic dipolar interaction was calculated by the interaction between the magnetization at each point and those at the other points on the STXM image. We showed the dipolar energy in the nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-B magnets and compared it with the exchange energy at various applied fields. Our results indicated the significance of the dipolar energy in magnetization reversal process.

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Investigation of the domain structure of sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets by Bitter-pattern method

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Stress‐Induced Domain Wall Motion in FeCo‐Based Magnetic Microwires for Realization of Energy Harvesting

Stress‐Induced Domain Wall Motion in FeCo‐Based Magnetic Microwires for Realization of Energy Harvesting

Dipolar energies in Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnets with and without Nd-Cu infiltration

Dipolar energy of Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnets in magnetization reversal process

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