Investigation of the dispersion process of SWNTs/SC-15 epoxy resin nanocomposites

Liao, Yu-Hsuan; Marietta-Tondin, Olivier; Liang, Zhiyong; Zhang, Chuck; Wang, Ben

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.031

Cited by 126 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The difficulty in analyzing these data resided primarily in the fact that the final cure degree was not provided. Liao et al [22] showed that the use of solvent of surfactant in the fabrication process can lead to a large decrease of the T g . Even after a relatively long process of evaporation (one hour heating + 4 hours degassing), Lau et al [23] reported that remaining residual traces of the solvent (acetone, ethanol and DMF) used in the dispersion process of SWNT in the epoxy resin led to a decrease of the mechanical properties of the SWNT/epoxy composites.…”

Section: Glass Transition Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We thus compiled and analyzed data values of glass transition temperature of CNT/epoxy composites from different articles. The CNT used in these works were unmodified MWNT [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] or unmodified SWNT [5,[17][18][19][20][21][22]. The data relative to preparation method of the composites, glass transition temperature and its measurement method are summarized in Table 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

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How carbon nanotubes affect the cure kinetics and glass transition temperature of their epoxy composites? – A review

Allaoui

Bounia

2009

Express Polym. Lett.

170

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Abstract. Motivated by the widespread and contradictory results regarding the glass transition temperature of carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy composites, we reviewed and analyzed the literature results dealing with the effect of unmodified multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) on the cure behaviour of an epoxy resin (as a possible source of this discrepancy). The aim of this work was to clarify the effective role of unmodified multiwall carbon nanotubes on the cure kinetics and glass transition temperature (Tg) of their epoxy composites. It was found that various authors reported an acceleration effect of CNT. The cure reaction was promoted in its early stage which may be due to the catalyst particles present in the CNT raw material. While SWNT may lead to a decrease of Tg due to their bundling tendency, results reported for MWNT suggested an increased or unchanged Tg of the composites. The present status of the literature does not allow to isolate the effect of MWNT on the Tg due to the lack of a study providing essential information such as CNT purity, glass transition temperature along with the corresponding cure degree. Vol.3, No.9 (2009) [588][589][590][591][592][593][594] Available online at www.expresspolymlett.com DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2009.73 Keywords: nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, cure kinetics, glass transition temperature eXPRESS Polymer Letters Cure kineticsIn the literature, different works were dedicated to the determination of the effect of CNT on the cure kinetics of an epoxy resin. Puglia et al. [1] claimed an acceleration effect of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) on the cure reaction of the DGEBA/DETA epoxy system studied with dynamic and isothermal DSC. In that work, the decrease of the peak temperature (that is the temperature at the heat flow peak) in dynamic scans and the decrease of the time at heat flow peak in isothermal scans were taken as the proof of the acceleration in the early stage of the cure process. The presence of amine functional groups (-NH 2 ) on the surface of the SWNT that may react with the epoxy ring was the origin of the modification of the cure behaviour as shown in a paper from the same group presenting additional data on the same samples [2]. Xie et al. [3] also reported an acceleration effect in the case of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) for the TGDDM/DDS epoxy system using isothermal DSC. The higher initial reaction rate of the composites compared to the unfilled resin, the decrease of the time at maximum reaction rate and of the activation energy with increasing MWNT content were the indication of the acceleration effect. Evidence of the presence of hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the surface of the MWNT by FTIR spectroscopy which have a catalytic effect on epoxy ring opening was in that case the source of the modified cure. The last stage of the cure remained unaffected by MWNT. The same group reported [4] on the effect of carbon nanofibres (CNF) on the cure behaviour of the same epoxy system. They found a very small acceleration effect of CNF in the...

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Section: Glass Transition Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How carbon nanotubes affect the cure kinetics and glass transition temperature of their epoxy composites? – A review

Allaoui

Bounia

2009

Express Polym. Lett.

170

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“…Sonication, [5] high speed mixing [6][7][8] and calandering [9] improve the dispersion of carbon nanofillers in thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Other approaches deal with the surface functionalization through noncovalent interactions (e.g.…”

Section: Introduction Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalization of Carbon Materials using the Diels‐Alder Reaction

Munirasu

Albuerne

Boschetti‐de‐Fierro

et al. 2010

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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A simple and efficient Diels-Alder (DA) reaction on carbon material has been demonstrated.The present work involves single and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT), as well as Herringbone carbon nanofiber. The CNTs show a dual nature of reactivity in DA reaction, i.e. they behave both as dienophile and diene with furfuryl groups and maleic anhydride derivatives, respectively. Various functional groups, including alcohol, amine, epoxy, carboxylic and ester have been introduced on the carbon materials. The results suggest that the reactivity of CNT in DA reaction may resemble the chemistry of small molecules.

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“…In attempts to achieve well-dispersed CNTs in a polymer, functionalization of the CNT walls [9,10], use of surfactants [11], controlled duration of sonication of mixtures of CNTs in various solvents [12,13,14,15,16], in situ polymerization under sonication [17], in situ bulk polymerization [18], high speed mechanical stirring [19,20], and compounding using a twin screw extruder [21,22] have been used. The dispersion of the CNTs in the polymer was mainly determined by taking images using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), or optical microscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between dispersion metric and properties of PMMA/SWNT nanocomposites

Kashiwagi

Fagan

Douglas

et al. 2007

Polymer

169

113

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Particle spatial dispersion is a crucial characteristic of polymer composite materials and this property is recognized as especially important in nanocomposite materials due to the general tendency of nanoparticles to aggregate under processing conditions. We introduce dispersion metrics along with a specified dispersion scale over which material homogeneity is measured and consider how the dispersion metrics correlate quantitatively with the variation of basic nanocomposite properties. We then address the general problem of quantifying nanoparticle spatial dispersion in model nanocomposites of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at a fixed SWNT concentration of 0.5 % using a 'coagulation' fabrication method. Two methods are utilized to measure dispersion, UV-Vis spectroscopy and optical confocal microscopy. Quantitative spatial dispersion levels were obtained through image analysis to obtain a 'relative dispersion index' (RDI) representing the uniformity of the dispersion of SWNTs in the samples and through absorbance. We find that the storage modulus, electrical conductivity, and flammability containing the same amount of SWNTs, the relationships between the quantified dispersion levels and physical properties show about four orders of magnitude variation in storage modulus, almost eight orders of magnitude variation in electric conductivity, and about 70 % reduction in peak mass loss rate at the highest dispersion level used in this study. The observation of such a profound effect of SWNT dispersion indicates the need for objective dispersion metrics for correlating and understanding how the properties of nanocomposites are determined by the concentration, shape and size of the nanotubes. conditions. We introduce dispersion metrics along with a specified dispersion scale over which material homogeneity is measured and consider how the dispersion metrics correlate quantitatively with the variation of basic nanocomposite properties. We then address the general problem of quantifying nanoparticle spatial dispersion in model nanocomposites of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at a fixed SWNT concentration of 0.5 % using a 'coagulation' fabrication method. Two methods are utilized to measure dispersion, UV-Vis spectroscopy and optical confocal microscopy. Quantitative spatial dispersion levels were obtained through image analysis to obtain a 'relative dispersion index ' (RDI) representing the uniformity of the dispersion of SWNTs in the samples and through absorbance. We find that the storage modulus, electrical conductivity, and flammability † This was carried out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the US Government and is not subject to copyright in the US. ‡ Correspondence to: T. Kashiwagi (E-mail: takashi.kashiwagi@nist.gov) 1 property of the nanocomposites correlates well with the RDI. For the nanocomposites containing the same amount of SWNTs, the relationships betw...

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Investigation of the dispersion process of SWNTs/SC-15 epoxy resin nanocomposites

Cited by 126 publications

References 9 publications

How carbon nanotubes affect the cure kinetics and glass transition temperature of their epoxy composites? – A review

How carbon nanotubes affect the cure kinetics and glass transition temperature of their epoxy composites? – A review

Functionalization of Carbon Materials using the Diels‐Alder Reaction

Relationship between dispersion metric and properties of PMMA/SWNT nanocomposites

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