Investigation of the antifungal activity of carvacrol against strains of<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>

Nóbrega, Rafaela de Oliveira; Teixeira, Anna Paula de Castro; Oliveira, Wylly Araújo de; Lima, Edeltrudes de Oliveira; Lima, Igara Oliveira

doi:10.3109/13880209.2016.1172319

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Thymol's antibacterial effect is enhanced by the presence of carvacrol in the essential oil [12]. Both thymol and carvacrol have important antifungal effect; they act by causing damage in the cell membrane and interacting with ergosterol [18,[20][21][22]. This mechanism was also proved with other monoterpenes, namely, linalool (Figure 1, compound 3), which acts also by interfering with biofilm formation and stability [23].…”

Section: Thymus Main Active Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Thymus Plants: A Review—Micropropagation, Molecular and Antifungal Activity

Leal¹,

Taghouti²,

Nunes³

et al. 2017

Active Ingredients From Aromatic and Medicinal Plants

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Medicinal and aromatic plants are important sources for plant secondary metabolites. The genetic manipulation of plants associated with in vitro plant regeneration systems facilitates efforts to engineer secondary product metabolic pathways. The fungal infections have been increasing in recent years due to several factors, namely, the increased incidence of high-risk patients, particularly immunocompromised hosts. Aromatic plants have been empirically used as antimicrobial agents, but the mechanisms of action are still unknown. Thyme has a great interest due to the possibility of its use in different applications, in medicine, in the cosmetic industry, or as food additives. Several studies have shown that thyme oils possess antimicrobial activity. Increasingly, plant breeding has taken advantage of molecular biology developments in order to genotype the species of interest to accelerate their selection. These approaches consist in choosing desired genotypes based on molecular markers or the knowledge of the genes involved in a particular trait. The in vitro culture techniques can be used to multiply plants selected after molecular and antifungal studies. The course of the investigation and the current state in relation to micropropagation, molecular studies, and antifungal action of the Thymus genus plants will be presented.

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Section: Thymus Main Active Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Thymus Plants: A Review—Micropropagation, Molecular and Antifungal Activity

Leal¹,

Taghouti²,

Nunes³

et al. 2017

Active Ingredients From Aromatic and Medicinal Plants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although nature can help to select antifungal compounds, we must then make them into drugs. From impressive antifungal scaffolds 56 and screening of natural products 57 to finding natural products such as carvacrol 58 and the antibacterial quinolone analogues that are active leads against members of the fungal kingdom 59 , the strategies for antifungal compound discovery from natural products are diverse and robust.…”

Section: Novel Pathways and Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antifungal pipeline: a reality check

Perfect

2017

Nat Rev Drug Discov

592

541

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Invasive fungal infections continue to appear in record numbers as the immunocompromised population of the world increases, owing partially to the increased number of individuals who are infected with HIV and partially to the successful treatment of serious underlying diseases. The effectiveness of current antifungal therapies — polyenes, flucytosine, azoles and echinocandins (as monotherapies or in combinations for prophylaxis, or as empiric, pre-emptive or specific therapies) — in the management of these infections has plateaued. Although these drugs are clinically useful, they have several limitations, such as off-target toxicity, and drug-resistant fungi are now emerging. New antifungals are therefore needed. In this Review, I discuss the robust and dynamic antifungal pipeline, including results from preclinical academic efforts through to pharmaceutical industry products, and describe the targets, strategies, compounds and potential outcomes.

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“…The EO and its active components (EO-ACs) have been extensively exploited and described to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities and considered safe in terms of animal and human health usage (Tampieri et al, 2005 ; Alves-Silva et al, 2016 ; Darwish et al, 2016 ). According to a recent report, carvacrol showed antifungal activity against C. neoformans strains and thus could be a potent drug component (Nobrega et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Essential Oil Active Components against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus laurentii

et al. 2017

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Cryptococcosis is an emerging and recalcitrant systemic infection occurring in immunocompromised patients. This invasive fungal infection is difficult to treat due to the ability of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus laurentii to form biofilms resistant to standard antifungal treatment. The toxicity concern of these drugs has stimulated the search for natural therapeutic alternatives. Essential oil and their active components (EO-ACs) have shown to possess the variety of biological and pharmacological properties. In the present investigation the effect of six (EO-ACs) sourced from Oregano oil (Carvacrol), Cinnamon oil (Cinnamaldehyde), Lemongrass oil (Citral), Clove oil (Eugenol), Peppermint oil (Menthol) and Thyme oil (thymol) against three infectious forms; planktonic cells, biofilm formation and preformed biofilm of C. neoformans and C. laurentii were evaluated as compared to standard drugs. Data showed that antibiofilm activity of the tested EO-ACs were in the order: thymol>carvacrol>citral>eugenol=cinnamaldehyde>menthol respectively. The three most potent EO-ACs, thymol, carvacrol, and citral showed excellent antibiofilm activity at a much lower concentration against C. laurentii in comparison to C. neoformans indicating the resistant nature of the latter. Effect of the potent EO-ACs on the biofilm morphology was visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which revealed the absence of extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM), reduction in cellular density and alteration in the surface morphology of biofilm cells. Further, to realize the efficacy of the EO-ACs in terms of human safety, cytotoxicity assays and co-culture model were evaluated. Thymol and carvacrol as compared to citral were the most efficient in terms of human safety in keratinocyte- Cryptococcus sp. co-culture infection model suggesting that these two can be further exploited as cost-effective and non-toxic anti-cryptococcal drugs.

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Investigation of the antifungal activity of carvacrol against strains ofCryptococcus neoformans

Cited by 32 publications

References 44 publications

Thymus Plants: A Review—Micropropagation, Molecular and Antifungal Activity

Thymus Plants: A Review—Micropropagation, Molecular and Antifungal Activity

The antifungal pipeline: a reality check

Antifungal and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Essential Oil Active Components against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus laurentii

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