Investigation of the Anticancer Activity of Coordination-Driven Self-AssembledTwo-Dimensional Ruthenium Metalla-Rectangle

Abstract

Coordination-driven self-assembly is an effective synthetic tool for the construction of spatially and electronically tunable supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs), which are useful in various applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of a two-dimensional discrete metalla-rectangle [(η6-p-cymene)4Ru4(C6H2O4)2(2)2](CF3SO3)4 (3) by the reaction of a dinuclear half-sandwich ruthenium (II) complex [Ru2(η6-p-cymene)2(C6H2O4)Cl2] (1) and bis-pyridyl amide linker (2) in the presence of AgO3SCF3. This cationic ruthenium metalla-rectangle (3) has been isolated as its triflate salt and characterized by analytical techniques including elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR), 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), 1H-1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). Significantly, the 2D cationic ruthenium metalla-rectangle showed better anticancer activity towards three different cell lines (A549, Caki-1 and Lovo) as compared with the parent ruthenium complex (1) and the commercially used drug, cisplatin.

Modular synthesis of antimalarial quinoline-based PGM metallarectangles

“…The mass spectral data show tetracationic peaks for iridium metallarectangles 2c (m/z 483.1129) and 3c (m/z 492.0915), corresponding to the loss of four triflate counterions. The presence of these ion peaks, corresponding to the loss of one or more counter ions, is often observed for supramolecular rectangular architectures 27,[52][53][54] and correlates with the calculated values. Furthermore, dicationic peaks were observed for all iridium and ruthenium metallarectangles (2c, 2d, 3c, and 3d), which correlate with the loss of two triflate ions, [M-2CF 3 SO 3 ] 2+ .…”

“…1). 27,36,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] The exploration into the use of such complexes for the treatment of alternative diseases is limited and warrants further exploration.…”

Ruthenium-based antitumor drugs and delivery systems from monotherapy to combination therapy

“…Self-assembly of ruthenium complexes with small molecules is one of the commonly used strategies for the formation of nanoparticles 156 . These small molecules often have targeting effects 157 , self-assembly functions 158,159 or chemotherapy effects 160,161 . Common small molecules include cyclodextrin 162,163 , integrin-targeted peptide RGD 164,165 , CD44-targeted hyaluronic acid 166 and bis bridging ligands bis(imidazole) 167 , etc.…”

Quinolyl‐Based PGM Metallarectangles: Antiproliferative Activity, DNA and BSA Protein Interactions, and a Molecular Docking Perspective

“…Many ruthenium complexes have shown to be promising anticancer agents and have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo [8] . With reports of Ru(III) complexes currently in clinical trials [9] and an arene‐Ru(II) complex in an advanced stage of pre‐clinical evaluation, [8b] it is no surprise that several multinuclear ruthenium supramolecular assemblies have been evaluated as potential anticancer agents [6d,k,7,10] . Many have shown increased selectivity and potency, that exceeds that of cisplatin, against various cancer cell lines [6d,k,7,10a] .…”