Vascular compression probably underlies many cranial mononeuropathies 1 but is controversial 2,3 and lacks a definitive diagnostic investigation. Imaging may identify cerebrovascular abnormalities associated with cranial mononeuropathies. 4,5 However, diagnosis of potential neurovascular compression (NVC) syndromes such as trigeminal neuralgia or hemifacial spasm is usually clinical, lacking proof of the underlying mechanism. Resulting uncertainty creates difficulty in decision making for microvascular decompression surgery and limits studies of pathophysiology.Only a single case of progressive CNXI palsy with evidence of vascular compression has been reported. 6 The intimate anatomical relationship between the posterior inferior cerebellar ABSTRACT: Background: Neurovascular compression (NVC) may cause cranial mononeuropathy but lacks a definitive diagnostic investigation. We hypothesized that the arterial pressure wave (APW) would interact at the neurovascular interface in NVC to inhibit transmission of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) stimuli to affected muscles. Methods: We report a novel neurophysiological method coupling cardiovascular physiology with TMS. The electrocardiogram (ECG) and arterial pressure wave (APW) were coupled to triggering of cortical TMS in a patient with NVC-induced spinal accessory (CNXI) mononeuropathy. Outcome measures included motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes and firing probabilities of normal and affected trapezieus (TPZ). Values at intervals in proximity to the APW (40/80/120/160ms) were compared to baseline (800ms) using ANOVA and student t-test. Results: Electrocardiogram triggered TMS of CNXI pathways with 100% reliability. MEP amplitudes were decreased in proximity to the APW, particularly at 120ms (0.21±0.04 mV versus 0.39±0.10mV, p=0.003). TPZ firing probabilities were similarly inhibited (43.8% versus 88.2%, p=0.009). No effect of APW proximity was observed on the unaffected side (p=0.868). Procedures were well tolerated. Conclusions: Vascular compression causes CNXI mononeuropathy. Transcranial magnetic stimulation-cardiovascular coupling may evaluate neurovascular junction interactions and non-invasively diagnose NVC.RÉSUMÉ: Couplage neuro-cardiovasculaire par SMT dans la neuropathie crânienne due à une compression vasculaire. Contexte : Une compression neuro-vasculaire (CNV) peut causer une mononeuropathie crânienne, mais les moyens d'en établir le diagnostic sont mal définis. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'onde de pression artérielle (OPA) interagit au niveau de l'interface neuro-vasculaire dans la CNV pour inhiber la transmission de stimuli aux muscles atteints lors de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (SMT). Méthodes : Nous rapportons une nouvelle méthode neurophysiologique de couplage de la physiologie cardiovasculaire avec la SMT. L'électrocardiogramme (ECG) et l'onde de pression artérielle (OPA) ont été couplés à l'activation de la SMT chez un patient atteint de mononeuropathie du nerf spinal (NCXI) provoquée par une CNV. Nous avons mesuré...