Investigation of serum IL-12, IL-16, and IL-17A as diagnostic biomarkers in children with cow’s milk protein allergy

Abstract

Background: Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is an abnormal immune response caused by milk proteins and is most common in infancy and early childhood. Statistics revealed up to 7.5% of children suffered from milk allergy. Its clinical symptoms were characterized by diversity, non-specificity, and can affect multiple systems, including the digestive tract, skin, and respiratory tract. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of IL-12, IL-16, and IL-17A on diagnosing and monitoring CMPA in children for clinical treatment. Methods: A total of 158 infants with CMPA and 89 healthy babies were recruited and evalu-ated. Demographic and clinical information of all participants were recorded. An extensive analysis of inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-12, IL-16, and IL-17A, was performed in blood samples from 247 infants younger than 9 months. Meanwhile, the serological specificity immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels were evaluated. In addition, the area under the curve (AUC) values of IL-12, IL-16, and IL-17A in differentiating CMP from healthy babies were measured by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Finally, the correlation between sIgE and IL-12, IL-16, and IL-17A levels were detected using Spearman correlation analysis. Results: Compared with healthy control, infants who developed CMPA had decreased IL-12, increased IL-16, and IL-17A. Moreover, a significant correlation between serum IL-12, IL-16, IL-17A and sIgE levels was observed in the CMPA group. In addition, AUC values of IL-12, IL-16, and IL-17A in discriminating CMPA from healthy infants were 0.8425, 0.9196, and 0.8813, respectively. Finally, IL-12 was increased while IL-16 and IL-17A levels were decreased in the CMPA group after three months of milk avoidance treatment. Conclusions: We found that IL-12, IL-16, and IL-17A levels in children with CMPA were associated with SCORAD scores, sIgE levels, and disease severity, functioning as valuable disease-monitor markers in CMPA.

The Impact of Processing and Extraction Methods on the Allergenicity of Targeted Protein Quantification as Well as Bioactive Peptides Derived from Egg

“…Since an adverse immunological reaction to egg proteins causes atopic dermatitis and eosinophilic esophagitis, it follows that egg allergy is an IgE antibody-mediated allergy [ 225 , 226 ]. Egg proteins’ ability to provoke an immune response is reflected in their stability in the face of heat and enzymatic digestion [ 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 ]. While both egg components contain proteins that can trigger an allergic reaction, the allergenic potential of EW proteins is greater than that of EY proteins.…”

“…In conclusion, these studies suggest that hydrolyzed egg proteins may positively impact weight management, appetite regulation, and metabolic health. However, further research is required to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms behind these effects and determine the optimal dosages and long-term safety of hydrolyzed egg proteins [ 78 , 227 , 301 , 306 ]. Remembering that protein intake should be balanced with other dietary factors, such as fiber and healthy fats, for optimal weight management and overall health.…”

The Important Role of Interleukin-2 in COVID-19

“…Cytokines play a significant role in viral infection by regulating cell signaling pathways. It has been shown that cytokines can be involved directly in disease pathogenesis [ 50 ]. Viruses led to the induction of cytokine genes, which can help viral genome replication.…”

Hyperalgesic Effect Evoked by Il-16 and Its Participation in Inflammatory Hypernociception in Mice

“…Although elevated levels of IL-16 have been found in very heterogeneous clinical settings, the study of the involvement of IL-16 in pathophysiological processes is rather incomplete. Thus, high concentrations of IL-16 have been detected in the blood of infants who developed cow's milk protein allergy (Mao et al 2022), atopic dermatitis (Zheng et al 2016), systemic sclerosis (Kawabata et al 2020), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Wu et al 2023) and in the urine of patients with lupus nephritis (Häyry et al 2022). Related to the central nervous system, IL-16 is expressed in immune cells or resident microglia and astrocytes during multiple sclerosis (Skundric et al 2015;Hridi et al 2021).…”