“…bond formation), providing accurate, rapid and label free thermodynamic data to determine the changes in enthalpy ΔH, entropy ΔS, and Gibbs free energy ΔG of the adsorption process, as well as provide information on the affinity binding constant K d and the interaction reaction stoichiometry in a single titration experiment. 34 This advanced technology has been widely applied in the chemical and biochemical fields to study protein interactions 35,36 and macromolecular assembly, 37 protein membrane interactions, 38 enzyme kinetics, 39 molecular dynamics simulations, 40 and incremental and DNA-ligand binding. 41 Karlsen et al (2010) conducted a very general study to investigate the use of ITC to determine the thermodynamics of Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , and Pb 2+ binding to the biopolymer chitin, and found that the binding reactions were entropically driven.…”