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Introduction: Rodents are the largest group of mammals and act as a reservoir for many common human diseases, leading to societal health and economic problems. Due to the different prevalences of rodent-borne parasitic infections in various regions, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in wild and domestic rodents in Kalat County, located in the north of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, in 2016. Materials and methods: The study was performed using a descriptive method on 86 mountainous and domestic rodents randomly caught using live traps. After anesthesia and species identification, the gastrointestinal tract was dissected, and the digestive system worms were separated and preserved in 10% formalin until identification. The nematodes were clarified with lactophenol and stained with carmine acid. All worms were identified using diagnostic keys, and the results were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: The prevalence of gastrointestinal worm infections in rodents in the study area was 75.5%. The captured rodents in this area included Microtus 46 (53.4%), Mus musculus 15 (17.4%), Pikas 13 (15.1%), Apodemus agrarius 11 (12.7%), and Allactaga elater 1 (1.1%). Six species of nematodes and one cestode species were identified in this study. The prevalence of parasitic infections shared between humans and rodents included Syphacia obvelata (83%), Aspicularis tetraptera (18.5%), Trichuris fossor (16.9%), Hymenolepis nana (6.1%), Heligmosomoides polygyrus (10.7%), and Nipostrongylus braziliensis (1.5%). Capillaria spp were found in 1.5% of rodents. Conclusion: The results revealed a high prevalence of gastrointestinal worm infections in rodents, with an overall prevalence rate of 75.5% in Kalat, Iran. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with rodent-borne parasitic infections in the study area and emphasize the importance of implementing effective control and prevention measures to mitigate the impact on human health and the local economy.
Introduction: Rodents are the largest group of mammals and act as a reservoir for many common human diseases, leading to societal health and economic problems. Due to the different prevalences of rodent-borne parasitic infections in various regions, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in wild and domestic rodents in Kalat County, located in the north of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, in 2016. Materials and methods: The study was performed using a descriptive method on 86 mountainous and domestic rodents randomly caught using live traps. After anesthesia and species identification, the gastrointestinal tract was dissected, and the digestive system worms were separated and preserved in 10% formalin until identification. The nematodes were clarified with lactophenol and stained with carmine acid. All worms were identified using diagnostic keys, and the results were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: The prevalence of gastrointestinal worm infections in rodents in the study area was 75.5%. The captured rodents in this area included Microtus 46 (53.4%), Mus musculus 15 (17.4%), Pikas 13 (15.1%), Apodemus agrarius 11 (12.7%), and Allactaga elater 1 (1.1%). Six species of nematodes and one cestode species were identified in this study. The prevalence of parasitic infections shared between humans and rodents included Syphacia obvelata (83%), Aspicularis tetraptera (18.5%), Trichuris fossor (16.9%), Hymenolepis nana (6.1%), Heligmosomoides polygyrus (10.7%), and Nipostrongylus braziliensis (1.5%). Capillaria spp were found in 1.5% of rodents. Conclusion: The results revealed a high prevalence of gastrointestinal worm infections in rodents, with an overall prevalence rate of 75.5% in Kalat, Iran. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with rodent-borne parasitic infections in the study area and emphasize the importance of implementing effective control and prevention measures to mitigate the impact on human health and the local economy.
Toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara parasites, is a prevalent parasitic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Conventional anthelmintic drugs for toxocariasis face challenges such as limited efficacy and potential adverse effects, necessitating exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of toxocariasis. This prospective review provides an overview of the potential of nanotechnology in toxocariasis treatment and highlights critical advancements in the field. The current review aimed to provide an overview of toxocariasis and the current challenges in its treatment, such as limited efficacy and potential adverse effects. It emphasized the need for novel therapeutic approaches to overcome these limitations. The subsequent section focused on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, discussing the nanoparticles used in toxocariasis treatment, their advantages, and strategies for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. Nanotechnology in targeted therapy is a great strategy to treat toxocariasis. It explored targeting Toxocara parasites using nanoparticles, surface modifications for enhanced targeting, and controlled release and sustained drug delivery techniques. Nanodiagnostics and imaging techniques in diagnosing and monitoring provide promising futures for controlling toxocariasis. It explored the use of nanosensors for the sensitive detection of Toxocara parasites and various imaging modalities for parasite visualization. These advancements enabled timely intervention and personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, the application of nanotechnology in vaccine development is fruitful for preventing toxocariasis. It highlights the use of nano vaccines for enhanced immune responses, controlled antigen delivery, and targeted immune cell activation. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds immense potential in the treatment of toxocariasis. Its unique features, such as targeted drug delivery, enhanced diagnostics, and improved vaccine efficacy, offer promising avenues for more effective and personalized approaches. Addressing evaluation, regulatory approval, cost-effectiveness, and scalability challenges is crucial for successful translation into clinical practice. The advancements in nanotechnology can potentially revolutionize toxocariasis treatment and improve patient outcomes.
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxocara canis, with significant effects on human health. This article provided a comprehensive overview of the importance of complications of Toxocara canis infection. The introduction highlighted the relevance of zoonotic diseases and introduced toxocariasis as a specific example. The subsequent sections delved into toxocariasis, covering its transmission, lifecycle, host specificity, and primary sources of human infection. The epidemiology section presented the global prevalence and distribution of toxocariasis at 11.1% (95% CI: 10.6–11.7%), emphasizing high-risk groups and geographical factors contributing to illness. Detailed information was provided regarding the clinical manifestations of toxocariasis, including variations in disease severity and potential complications. Symptoms of visceral toxocariasis include fever, fatigue, coughing, wheezing, or abdominal pain. The diagnostic methods include laboratory methods (serological testing and western blot) and molecular techniques (PCR), and clinical methods (chest X-ray and CT scan). The prevention and control section outlined strategies for prevention, highlighting the significance of public health measures and awareness campaigns. The One Health approach has recognized the interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health. It has highlighted the necessity of cooperative actions to prevent the spread of diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Future directions need to highlight ongoing research and advancements, including improved diagnostic tools, targeted therapies, risk assessment, and international collaboration. The conclusion reinforces the importance of understanding and addressing Toxocara canis infection on human health. Adopting a One Health approach and implementing effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies can reduce the burden of toxocariasis, leading to improved health outcomes for humans and animals.
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