Investigation of Physically Unclonable Functions Using Flash Memory for Integrated Circuit Authentication

Kim, Moon-Seok; Moon, Dong‐Il; Yoo, Sang-Kyung; Lee, Sang‐Han; Choi, Yang‐Kyu

doi:10.1109/tnano.2015.2397956

Cited by 36 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Another paper from this time frame was from Kim et al [54], who created a flash PUF in 2015 by programming a flash page to the statistical median of its threshold voltage. This threshold voltage range was then divided into a high and low section, with the lower half decoded as a logical "1" and the upper half as a logical "0".…”

Section: First Phase Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flash-Based Security Primitives: Evolution, Challenges and Future Directions

et al. 2021

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Over the last two decades, hardware security has gained increasing attention in academia and industry. Flash memory has been given a spotlight in recent years, with the question of whether or not it can prove useful in a security role. Because of inherent process variation in the characteristics of flash memory modules, they can provide a unique fingerprint for a device and have thus been proposed as locations for hardware security primitives. These primitives include physical unclonable functions (PUFs), true random number generators (TRNGs), and integrated circuit (IC) counterfeit detection. In this paper, we evaluate the efficacy of flash memory-based security primitives and categorize them based on the process variations they exploit, as well as other features. We also compare and evaluate flash-based security primitives in order to identify drawbacks and essential design considerations. Finally, we describe new directions, challenges of research, and possible security vulnerabilities for flash-based security primitives that we believe would benefit from further exploration.

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Section: First Phase Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flash-Based Security Primitives: Evolution, Challenges and Future Directions

et al. 2021

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“…Arbiter PUF [7] is a typical strong PUF. SRAM PUF [9] and Glitch PUF [4]- [6] are typical weak PUFs. Ring oscillator (RO) PUF [8] can be used as both strong and weak PUF, but it only produces a limited number of CRPs which are not large enough for authentication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Unclonable Function-Based Key Sharing via Machine Learning for IoT Security

Zhang

2020

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

114

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In many Internet of Things (IoT) applications, resources like CPU, memory, and battery power are limited and cannot afford the classic cryptographic security solutions. Silicon Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a lightweight security primitive that exploits manufacturing variations during the chip fabrication process for key generation and/or device authentication. Ring Oscillator (RO) PUF as one of the most popular silicon weak PUFs can generate secret bits by comparing the frequency difference between any two ROs. Previous RO PUFs improve flexibility and reliability through adding redundant ROs, which incurs unacceptable hardware overheads. In addition, traditional weak PUFs such as RO PUF generate chipunique key for each device, which restricts their application in security protocols where the same key is required to be shared in resource-constrained devices. In order to address these shortcomings, we propose a crossover RO PUF (CRO PUF) that improves flexibility, reliability and reduces hardware overheads. It is the first PUF that can generate the shared key in physically. The basic idea is to implement one-to-one input-output mapping with Lookup Table (LUT)-based interstage crossing structures in each level of inverters. Individual customization on configuration bits of interstage crossing structure and different RO selections with challenges bring high flexibility. Therefore, with the flexible configuration of interstage crossing structures and challenges, CRO PUF can generate the same shared key for resource-constrained devices, which enables a new application for lightweight key sharing protocols. Experimental results show that our proposed PUF structure has much lower hardware overheads, better uniqueness and reliability than the previous configurable RO PUFs.

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“…PUF, broadly categorized as “weak PUF” and “strong PUF”, is an emerging low-cost on-chip secure primitive [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. By converting the inherent uncontrollable and unpredictable variations of the semiconductor manufacturing process to a random digital bit string, a PUF generates a “response” upon a “challenge”, namely a challenge-response pair (CRP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By converting the inherent uncontrollable and unpredictable variations of the semiconductor manufacturing process to a random digital bit string, a PUF generates a “response” upon a “challenge”, namely a challenge-response pair (CRP). Weak PUFs target the application of the key generation [ 2 , 4 ], while strong PUFs are more suitable for the device authentication [ 8 ]. The weak PUFs generally have very few CRPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact and Low Power RO PUF with High Resilience to the EM Side-Channel Attack and the SVM Modelling Attack of Wireless Sensor Networks

Cao

Zhao

Fraser

et al. 2018

Sensors

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Authentication is a crucial security service for the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in versatile domains. The deployment of WSN devices in the untrusted open environment and the resource-constrained nature make the on-chip authentication an open challenge. The strong physical unclonable function (PUF) came in handy as light-weight authentication security primitive. In this paper, we present the first ring oscillator (RO) based strong physical unclonable function (PUF) with high resilience to both the electromagnetic (EM) side-channel attack and the support vector machine (SVM) modelling attack. By employing an RO based PUF architecture with the current starved inverter as the delay cell, the oscillation power is significantly reduced to minimize the emitted EM signal, leading to greatly enhanced immunity to the EM side-channel analysis attack. In addition, featuring superior reconfigurability due to the conspicuously simplified circuitries, the proposed implementation is capable of withstanding the SVM modelling attack by generating and comparing a large number of RO frequency pairs. The reported experimental results validate the prototype of a 9-stage RO PUF fabricated using standard 65 nm complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. Operating at the supply voltage of 1.2 V and the frequency of 100 KHz, the fabricated RO PUF occupies a compact silicon area of 250 µm 2 and consumes a power as low as 5.16 µW per challenge-response pair (CRP). Furthermore, the uniqueness and the worst-case reliability are measured to be 50.17% and 98.30% for the working temperature range of −40∼120 • C and the supply voltage variation of ±2%, respectively. Thus, the proposed PUF is applicable for the low power, low cost and secure WSN communications.

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Investigation of Physically Unclonable Functions Using Flash Memory for Integrated Circuit Authentication

Cited by 36 publications

References 26 publications

Flash-Based Security Primitives: Evolution, Challenges and Future Directions

Flash-Based Security Primitives: Evolution, Challenges and Future Directions

Physical Unclonable Function-Based Key Sharing via Machine Learning for IoT Security

A Compact and Low Power RO PUF with High Resilience to the EM Side-Channel Attack and the SVM Modelling Attack of Wireless Sensor Networks

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