Investigation of phase structure of cobalt and its effect in WC–Co cemented carbides before and after deep cryogenic treatment

Muthuswamy, Padmakumar; Guruprasath, J.; Achuthan, Prabin; Dinakaran, D.

doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.03.010

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Like iron, as cobalt, a key element used as a binder in the manufacturing of cemented carbide tools is ferromagnetic, the phase transformation (from FCC to HCP) would occur for it as well which would have played a key role in increasing the hardness and hence the performance improvement. Phase transformation of cobalt in cryo-treated tungsten carbide tools was seen by other researchers as well [15,16,[25][26][27] which resulted in slight increase in the hardness and improved wear resistance.…”

Section: Metallurgical Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Tempering is done to relieve the stresses and stabilize the samples. The approximate time taken for this tempering cycle was around 1 h. Tempering temperature and duration of tempering were selected based on the literature survey [7,12,15,16].…”

Section: Cryogenic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have proven that due to very low volumetric composition of cobalt present in tungsten carbide tools, the high-intensity peaks of tungsten carbide mask the cobalt peaks which make it impossible to study the phase structure of cobalt [15,21,27]. To clearly see the peaks of different cobalt phases the amount of cobalt must be at least 40% [21].…”

Section: Metallurgical Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To identify the cobalt phases in tungsten carbide through XRD, the amount of cobalt present in the sample must be more than 25% as anything lesser than that would result in cobalt peaks overlapping or shielded by tungsten carbide peaks [15,21]. So, it is hypothesized that the transformation of cobalt from FCC to HCP structure resulted in improved tool life.…”

Section: Metallurgical Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation on the effect of cryogenic treatment on tungsten carbide milling insert with 11% cobalt (WC–11%Co)

Muthuswamy¹,

Dinakaran

2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of cryogenically treated cemented carbide milling inserts with 11% cobalt content in face milling of EN19 steel. Two different deep cryogenic treatments at temperature of around − 193 °C were performed on the inserts, namely cryogenic treatment and cryogenic treatment and tempering. Uncoated tungsten carbide face milling inserts with 11% cobalt content were used in this research. Machining tests were conducted at the catalog recommended cutting parameters, and flank wear and nose wear of untreated, cryogenically treated and cryogenically treated and tempered inserts were compared to study the performance. The experimental investigation revealed that both cryogenic treated and cryogenic treated and tempered inserts showed 4-7% lesser flank and nose wear than the untreated inserts. The metallurgical examinations using indirect measurement technique revealed the phase transformation of cobalt from FCC to HCP which could have resulted in increased hardness, reduced friction coefficient and improved tool life.

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Section: Metallurgical Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Cryogenic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metallurgical Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metallurgical Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Investigation on the effect of cryogenic treatment on tungsten carbide milling insert with 11% cobalt (WC–11%Co)

Muthuswamy¹,

Dinakaran

2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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“…It was observed that the CT tools compared to the UT one. Likewise, Padmakumar et al [9] investigated the tool performance for crystal structure and magnetic properties between DCT and sintered with cobalt (Co) on WC cutting insert. The authors claimed that the presence of cobalt in the cutting insert experience transformation of phase when subjected to DCT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Cryogenic Treated and Untreated Carbide Inserts during Machining of AISI 304 Steel

Patil

Gopalakrishna²,

Sangmesh³

2020

IJAME

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The cutting tool in the machining process plays an important role as it acts on the working material. There are a few methodologies have been persued to improve tool life, for example traditional cooling, single layer coating, multilayer coating, heat treatment process, nitrogen cooling and latest being the cryogenic treatment which reported a significant improvement in cutting tool life, chip morphology, reduction in heat generation. Hence, the cryogenic treatment is emerged as the sustainable machining process. This paper presents machining of AISI 304 steel using both cryogenic treated (CT) and untreated (UT) cutting tool insert. The commercially available uncoated carbide insert has been cryogenically treated at -196°C for 24 hours soaking period. The machining test has been conducted under four different cutting speeds. The material characterization of cutting insert is studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hardness test, and microscopic image analysis has been carried out before and after cryogenic treatment. The cutting tool performance is assessed in terms of of wear, cutting temperature, chip morphology, surface roughness under the influence of cryogenic machining and the results are contrast with UT one. The exploratory findings reveals that the deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) with 24 hours soaking period, performed better wear resistance and improved surface roughness of the cutting tool. Also considerable reduction in the flank wear, crater wear, cutting temperature is obtained and found improved chip morphology.

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High‐Resolution Patterning of Organic–Inorganic Photoresins for Tungsten and Tungsten Carbide Microstructures

et al. 2023

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Tungsten is an important material for high‐temperature applications due to its high chemical and thermal stability. Its carbide, that is, tungsten carbide, is used in tool manufacturing because of its outstanding hardness and as a catalyst scaffold due to its morphology and large surface area. However, microstructuring, especially high‐resolution 3D microstructuring of both materials, is a complex and challenging process which suffers from slow speeds and requires expensive specialized equipment. Traditional subtractive machining methods, for example, milling, are often not feasible because of the hardness and brittleness of the materials. Commonly, tungsten and tungsten carbide are manufactured by powder metallurgy. However, these methods are very limited in the complexity and resolution of the produced components. Herein, tungsten ion‐containing organic–inorganic photoresins, which are patterned by two‐photon lithography (TPL) at micrometer resolution, are introduced. The printed structures are converted to tungsten or tungsten carbide by thermal debinding and reduction of the precursor or carbothermal reduction reaction, respectively. Using TPL, complex 3D tungsten and tungsten carbide structures are prepared with a resolution down to 2 and 7 μm, respectively. This new pathway of structuring tungsten and its carbide facilitates a broad range of applications from micromachining to metamaterials and catalysis.

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Investigation of phase structure of cobalt and its effect in WC–Co cemented carbides before and after deep cryogenic treatment

Cited by 36 publications

References 19 publications

Investigation on the effect of cryogenic treatment on tungsten carbide milling insert with 11% cobalt (WC–11%Co)

Investigation on the effect of cryogenic treatment on tungsten carbide milling insert with 11% cobalt (WC–11%Co)

Performance Evaluation of Cryogenic Treated and Untreated Carbide Inserts during Machining of AISI 304 Steel

High‐Resolution Patterning of Organic–Inorganic Photoresins for Tungsten and Tungsten Carbide Microstructures

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