Investigation of PEG Crystallization in Frozen PEG–Sucrose–Water Solutions: II. Characterization of the Equilibrium Behavior During Freeze-Thawing

Bhatnagar, Bakul; Martin, Susan; Teagarden, Dirk L.; Shalaev, Evgenyi; Suryanarayanan, Raj

doi:10.1002/jps.22182

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…18,19 This was also evident from the two endotherms observed when the solution was heated ( Fig. 1).…”

Section: Impact Of Pegylation On T G and Secondary (Peg-ice) Meltingmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The experimental details were described previously. 18,19 The T g ; crystallization temperature during warming (T c ); secondary melting of PEG and ice (T secondary melting ), analogous to eutectic melting during warming of a frozen binary solution of water and a crystallizable solute; and the ice melting temperature (T ice ) were determined from the DSC heating curves.…”

Section: Characterization Of Phase Behavior During Freeze-thawing Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a ternary system of PEG, sucrose, and water, PEG crystallization depends on the PEG to sucrose ratio as well as the annealing conditions. 18,19 The ice and PEG-ice melting are termed primary and secondary melting events, respectively (Fig. 1a).…”

Section: Impact Of Pegylation On T G and Secondary (Peg-ice) Meltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, PEG crystallization can be inhibited at high sucrose to PEG ratios. [17][18][19] On the contrary, at high PEG to sucrose ratios, amorphous phase separation has been suggested as the precursor to PEG crystallization. 17,18 In spite of extensive use of PEGs to modify proteins, [7][8][9]15,20,21 there is no published literature on the phase behavior of PEGylated proteins during freeze-drying and their solid-state stability during long-term storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18,19 The impact of solution composition and annealing on the glass transition temperature of maximally freeze concentrated phase (T g ), PEG-ice crystallization, and PEG-ice melting was systematically investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and low-temperature X-ray diffractometry (XRD). An empirical phase diagram was generated to illustrate the impact of ice (primary) and PEG-ice (secondary) crystallization on the composition of the freeze-concentrated solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of PEG Crystallization in Frozen and Freeze‐Dried PEGylated Recombinant Human Growth Hormone–Sucrose Systems: Implications on Storage Stability

Bhatnagar

Martin

Hodge

et al. 2011

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…18,19 This was also evident from the two endotherms observed when the solution was heated ( Fig. 1).…”

Section: Impact Of Pegylation On T G and Secondary (Peg-ice) Meltingmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Characterization Of Phase Behavior During Freeze-thawing Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Pegylation On T G and Secondary (Peg-ice) Meltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Investigation of PEG Crystallization in Frozen and Freeze‐Dried PEGylated Recombinant Human Growth Hormone–Sucrose Systems: Implications on Storage Stability

Bhatnagar

Martin

Hodge

et al. 2011

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is frequently accompanied by metabolic diseases

Doğru¹,

Erçin²,

Erdem³

et al. 2008

Hepatology

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Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Is Frequently Accompanied by Metabolic DiseasesTo the Editor:In a recent issue, van der Poorten et al. 1 reported an association of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver inflammation and fibrosis independent of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Although this association is already present, the study is important because it provides scientific information on this clinically relevant condition. However, we think that some points should be discussed.First, as shown in Table 1, most of the patients with NASH are overweight or obese. In addition, an important portion of the study participants have other metabolic disturbances (high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, etc.) alone or in combination. It is well known that all components that constitute the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and also prediabetes, namely, impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose intolerance. 2 Although both T2DM and impaired glucose tolerance are among the components of MetS, 3 plasma insulin and adipokine levels differ according to the degree of glucose dysregulation. 4,5 The same is also true for hypertension or elevated blood pressure and dyslipidemia. 6,7 Second, apart from the thiazolidinediones, no information about the drug use of the subjects could be seen in the text. We know that circulating adipokines and measures of insulin sensitivity are easily affected by medications started for the metabolic problems mentioned above. 8,9,10 The authors state in their article that the participants were accepted as having MetS according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The diagnostic criteria can be used clinically with success; however, while designing clinical studies to display mechanistic associations, we have to give ultimate effort to exclude possible confounders that might interfere with the results. Therefore, we would like to ask the authors whether they can present some new results by categorizing the patients with NASH according to metabolic confounders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, blood pressure, and lipid profile. This may provide the readers clearer information related to the mechanism(s) of NASH.

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Biocompatibility improvement of titanium implants by coating with hybrid materials synthesized by sol-gel technique

Catauro

Bollino

Papale

2014

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on zirconia and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been synthesized via sol-gel method in the present study. Those materials, still in the sol phase, have been used to coat a titanium grade 4 (Ti-4) substrate to improve its biological properties. Dip-coating technique has been used to obtain thin films. PEG, a biocompatible polymer, used as the organic phase, has been incorporated with different percentages in an inorganic zirconium-based matrix. Those hybrids have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to detect interactions between the two phases. The films have been examined using SEM to detect morphological changes with PEG percentages. The potential applications of the hybrid coatings in biomedical field have been evaluated by bioactivity and cytotoxicity tests. The coated titanium was immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 21 days and the hydroxyapatite deposition on its surface was subsequently evaluated, as that feature can be used as an index of bone-bonding capability. SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) was used to examine hydroxyapatite formation. NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were seeded on specimens to evaluate cells-materials interactions and cell vitality was inspected using WST-8 Assay.

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Investigation of PEG Crystallization in Frozen PEG–Sucrose–Water Solutions: II. Characterization of the Equilibrium Behavior During Freeze-Thawing

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

Investigation of PEG Crystallization in Frozen and Freeze‐Dried PEGylated Recombinant Human Growth Hormone–Sucrose Systems: Implications on Storage Stability

Investigation of PEG Crystallization in Frozen and Freeze‐Dried PEGylated Recombinant Human Growth Hormone–Sucrose Systems: Implications on Storage Stability

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is frequently accompanied by metabolic diseases

Biocompatibility improvement of titanium implants by coating with hybrid materials synthesized by sol-gel technique

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