Investigation of Parameters Influencing Tubular-Shaped Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Layer Electrodeposition

Abstract

Tubular-shaped layer electrodeposition from chitosan-hydroxyapatite colloidal solutions has found application in the field of regeneration or replacement of cylindrical tissues and organs, especially peripheral nerve tissue regeneration. Nevertheless, the quantitative and qualitative characterisation of this phenomenon has not been described. In this work, the colloidal systems are subjected to the action of an electric current initiated at different voltages. Parameters of the electrodeposition process (i.e., total charge exchanged, gas volume, and deposit thickness) are monitored over time. Deposit structures are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The value of voltage influences structural characteristics but not thickness of deposit for the process lasting at least 20 min. The calculated number of exchanged electrons for studied conditions suggests that the mechanism of deposit formation is governed not only by water electrolysis but also interactions between formed hydroxide ions and calcium ions coordinated by chitosan chains.

Behavior of Calcium Phosphate–Chitosan–Collagen Composite Coating on AISI 304 for Orthopedic Applications

“…Specifically, the final effect is a porous coating since the bubbles act as a dynamic template [ 86 , 87 ]. According to Mąkiewicz et al [ 88 ], the high viscosity of the solution promotes the adhesion of hydrogen bubbles on the cathode surface during deposition. This phenomenon creates a barrier at the interface electrode/electrolyte that limits the deposition of the coating in that area.…”

Fabrication and Characterization of Polycaprolactone/Chitosan—Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Implants for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

“…However, chitosan is not deposited alone. Co-deposition of hydroxyapatite-derived species is essential in order to obtain hydrogel deposits [26]. The structure of the deposit is irregular and porous due to gas evolution.…”

“…These factors can be controlled by membrane porosity and permeability. The developed method provides full control over pore size and porosity of deposits, mainly by manipulating the initial solution composition and parameters of the electrodeposition process (e.g., time and set voltage) [26]. The deposition process is inhibited after some time due to the presence of hindering factors.…”

“…The electrodeposited tubular-shaped implants were described earlier [16,26]. The abovementioned studies focused on the examination of the influence of the PCL skeleton on the process of electrodeposition as well as the chemical composition of implants.…”

Composite Coatings of Chitosan and Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Galvanic Deposition for Orthopedic Implants

“…According to [42,92,93], this feature is due to the deposition of CS in combination with hydrogen bubbles generation during galvanic process. In particular, as reported by Mąkiewicz et al, the high viscosity of the deposition solution facilitates the process of adhesion of gas bubbles on the surface of the cathode [94]. Gas bubbles create a barrier at the interface between electrode and electrolyte that hindered the deposition of the coating in that area.…”