Investigation of Ozone Cracking on Natural Rubber

Kamaruddin, Shamsul; Muhr, A. H.

doi:10.1007/bf03449163

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It was found that the molecular network of natural rubber was destroyed during the aging process, and three new free radicals (H, O 2− and C = C) were produced, which led to the weakening of the rubber’s mechanical properties. Kamaruddin et al [ 96 ] studied crack propagation under different tensile strains in an ozone environment and found that the cracks formed under low strain were few and could grow very long, while the cracks formed under high strain were many but short, which they claimed was due to the interference between ozone and tensile loading. Iwase et al [ 97 ] studied the ozone degradation of vulcanized isoprene rubber by changing the air humidity.…”

Section: Factors Affecting the Fatigue Life Of Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress on Fatigue Life of Rubber Materials

2022

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Rubber products will be fatigued when subjected to alternating loads, and working in harsh environments will worsen the fatigue performance, which will directly affect the service life of such products. Environmental factors have a great influence on rubber materials, including temperature, humidity, ozone, etc., all of which will affect rubber’s properties and among which temperature is the most important. Different rubber materials have different sensitivity to the environment, and at the same time, their own structures are different, and their bonding degree with fillers is also different, so their fatigue lives are also different. Therefore, there are generally two methods to study the fatigue life of rubber materials, namely the crack initiation method and the crack propagation method. In this paper, the research status of rubber fatigue is summarized from three aspects: research methods of rubber fatigue, factors affecting fatigue life and crack section. The effects of mechanical conditions, rubber composition and environmental factors on rubber fatigue are expounded in detail. The section of rubber fatigue cracking is expounded from macroscopic and microscopic perspectives, and a future development direction is given in order to provide reference for the research and analysis of rubber fatigue and rubber service life maximization.

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Section: Factors Affecting the Fatigue Life Of Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress on Fatigue Life of Rubber Materials

2022

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“…One potential concern is the accelerated decay of indoor materials exposed to the ozone concentrations required for disinfection. For instance, cracking of rubber has been observed within 24 hours of exposure to ozone at 0.5 ppm (Kamaruddin and Muhr 2018). Additionally, ozone may react with a range of materials commonly anticipated in the indoor environment including paint, linoleum, carpet, paper, wood and semi-volatile organics adsorbed to surfaces (Weschler 2000).…”

Section: Implications For Industry and Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review and Research Needs of Ozone Applications Related to Virus Inactivation: Potential Implications for SARS-CoV-2

Morrison

Atkinson

Zamyadi

et al. 2020

Ozone: Science & Engineering

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Ozone disinfection has demonstrated high efficacy against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including viruses similar in morphology to SARS-CoV-2. Due to this efficacy, numerous gaseous and aqueous phase ozone applications have emerged to potentially inhibit virus persistence in aerosols, surfaces, and water. This review identifies the exposure requirements for virus inactivation and important safety considerations for applications within the built environment (i.e. occupied/unoccupied spaces, air/water/wastewater treatment) and healthcare settings (i.e. ozone therapy, dentistry, handwashing, treatment of personal protection equipment (PPE)). Current research needs are presented to advance the utilization of ozone as a mitigation strategy.

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Ozone ageing: experimental methods on pristine and protected natural rubber

Treib

Loos

Johlitz

et al. 2022

Continuum Mech. Thermodyn.

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Many industrial applications require natural rubber (NR) as an irreplaceable polymer for its unique behaviour as its resistance to crack growth. The damage caused by ozone, seen as an ageing accelerator, influences the lifetime of rubber components. The data on ozone-induced ageing experiments are often incomplete or remain unpublished, whereas comprehensive databases for other environmental loads as oxygen do exist. A variety of experimental methods is used to investigate the ageing mechanism of ozone. The ultimate scope is to collect physically based data suitable to include it in thermo-mechanical modelling of the material’s full behaviour. Therefore, NR mixtures, without and with antiozonants: p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and paraffinic wax, are analysed. First, an accelerated, artificial ageing method is developed to reconstruct the real ageing in the laboratory. Experiments conducted henceforth are microhardness tests, uniaxial tensile tests and IR spectroscopy to determine the elastic modulus, the stress response and molecular change due to ageing. Independent of static deformation during the ageing process, both antiozonants show a significant protection effect up to the maximum loading with 75 pphm ozone concentration for 111 h at 50% relative humidity and 40 $$^\circ $$ ∘ C. Paraffinic wax completely prevents measureable mechanical change and no surface cracks are visible, though IR spectra reveal ageing-induced molecular reactions, whereas the pristine and soley 6PPD protected compounds are clearly distinguishable by their surface crack picture. Neither of the material compounds, loaded with or without strain during ozone-ageing, contains cracks of a depth further than 300 $$\upmu {\mathrm {m}}$$ μ m . The data generated on ozone ageing of rubber helps to distinguish it from thermo-oxidative ageing that is described comprehensively in the literature. In conclusion, the data proves the degradation and quantifies some characteristic material changes caused by ozone loading.

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Investigation of Ozone Cracking on Natural Rubber

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Research Progress on Fatigue Life of Rubber Materials

Research Progress on Fatigue Life of Rubber Materials

Critical Review and Research Needs of Ozone Applications Related to Virus Inactivation: Potential Implications for SARS-CoV-2

Ozone ageing: experimental methods on pristine and protected natural rubber

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