Investigation of overall and melamine migration from melamine bowls

Abstract

Overall and melamine migration have been determined for 60 samples of melamine resin bowls, which were purchased in various local markets in the area of Bursa, Turkey. The samples were exposed to food simulants 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol aqueous solutions, and rectifi ed (refi ned) olive oil at 100 °C for 30 min, and 50% ethanol aqueous solutions at 60 °C for 30 min. The LOQ value was calculated as 3.3 mg dm -2 for overall migration and 0.126 mg kg -1 for melamine migration. Research fi ndings did not exceed the limit of overall migration level (10 mg dm -2 ). Also, melamine levels of all tested items found in the third assays were below the specifi c migration limit (SML) of 2.5 mg kg -1 set out in the EU 10/2011 (EU, 2011) and Turkish Food Codex 2013/34 (TFC, 2013a. Some expensive as well as cheap products showed close migration levels. The increased cost of the item did not indicate a higher quality regarding health in this study.

Release of Melamine and Formaldehyde from Melamine-Formaldehyde Plastic Kitchenware

“…However, these methods were never used to find a correlation between release of melamine or formaldehyde into food simulants or foodstuffs and the crosslinking of the resin. Nonetheless, an investigation [10] already stated a correlation between this release and price of the investigated samples; however, this was not confirmed by later studies [11].…”

“…In the following years, melamine got more into the scientific focus [15,16] and Bradley et al confirmed that under acidic conditions at temperatures of 70 • C and higher, high amounts of melamine and formaldehyde might migrate or be released into food simulants [17,18]. In the following years, several studies more or less confirmed the earlier results [10,11,19,20].…”

Dynamic Source Distribution and Emission Inventory of a Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) Substance, Melamine, in China

“…Meanwhile, it is crucial to keep in mind that low emission-to-consumption ratios do not mean that molding compound products are harmless. This is because a significant amount of melamine may be released from the molding compound products or migrate into food at high temperatures and under high radiation conditions, given the popularity of automatic dishwashers and ultraviolet disinfection cabinets in Chinese families. , …”

“…This is because a significant amount of melamine may be released from the molding compound products or migrate into food at high temperatures and under high radiation conditions, given the popularity of automatic dishwashers and ultraviolet disinfection cabinets in Chinese families. 44,101 3.5. Scenario-Based Emission Estimation of Melamine in End-of-Life Products.…”

Sensor Based on a Poly[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate-Co-Styrene], Gold Nanoparticles, and Methylene Blue-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Melamine Detection

“…Recent studies have reported detections of melamine in different matrices of water (river water (370 ng/L), lake water (347 ng/L), seawater (186 ng/L), tap water (512 ng/L), bottled water (98 ng/L)…) [ 8 ]. The migration of melamine into food occurs in measurable amounts, especially under acidic conditions and at high temperatures, and is also dependent on contact time [ 9 ]. On the other hand, melamine has sometimes been added as a non-protein nitrogenous additive to artificially increase the apparent “false” protein content in foodstuffs [ 10 , 11 ].…”