Investigation of opportunistic pathogens in municipal drinking water under different supply and treatment regimes

Pryor, Marsha; Springthorpe, Susan; Riffard, Serge; Brooks, T.; Huo, Yunlong; Davis, Greg; Sattar, Syed A.

doi:10.2166/wst.2004.0025

Cited by 117 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…NTM were observed in drinking water by others using cultivation methods, but the numbers of positive samples ranged from 15% to 83% (8,(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43), lower than the 100% positive drinking water samples observed with qPCR in our study. A recent study demonstrated that cultivation methods give an underestimation of NTM in drinking water compared to estimation with qPCR (40).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Fungi, and Opportunistic Pathogens in Unchlorinated Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Wielen

Kooij

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

120

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aThe multiplication of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water supplies might pose a threat to public health. In this study, distributed unchlorinated drinking water from eight treatment plants in the Netherlands was sampled and analyzed for fungi, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and several opportunistic pathogens by using selective quantitative PCR methods. Fungi and NTM were detected in all drinking water samples, whereas Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Aspergillus fumigatus were sporadically observed. Mycobacterium avium complex and Acanthamoeba spp. were not detected. Season had no influence on the occurrence of these organisms, except for NTM and S. maltophilia, which were present in higher numbers in the summer. Opportunistic pathogens were more often observed in premise plumbing water samples than in samples from the distribution system. The lowest number of these organisms was observed in the finished water at the plant. Thus, fungi, NTM, and some of the studied opportunistic pathogens can multiply in the distribution and premise plumbing systems. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and/or total organic carbon (TOC) had no clear effects on fungal and NTM numbers or on P. aeruginosa-and S. maltophilia-positive samples. However, L. pneumophila was detected more often in water with AOC concentrations above 10 g C liter ؊1 than in water with AOC levels below 5 g C liter ؊1 . Finally, samples that contained L. pneumophila, P. aeruginosa, or S. maltophilia were more frequently positive for a second opportunistic pathogen, which shows that certain drinking water types and/or sampling locations promote the growth of multiple opportunistic pathogens.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Fungi, and Opportunistic Pathogens in Unchlorinated Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Wielen

Kooij

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

120

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“…Regardless of the precise nature of this association, it implies that there might be source-specific factors that predict colonization of buildings by Legionella and that these factors can be overcome by MC. Despite the positive findings of our study, Pinellas County Utilities, in cooperation with other investigators, observed several negative and potentially detrimental outcomes following the conversion to MC (16). The proportion of buildings that were colonized by mycobacteria increased from 19.1% during the CL phase to 42.2% during the MC phase.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Introduction of Monochloramine into a Municipal Water System: Impact on Colonization of Buildings by Legionella spp

Moore

Pryor²,

Fields

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

100

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Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreaks are often traced to colonized potable water systems. We collected water samples from potable water systems of 96 buildings in Pinellas County, Florida, between January and April 2002, during a time when chlorine was the primary residual disinfectant, and from the same buildings between June and September 2002, immediately after monochloramine was introduced into the municipal water system. Samples were cultured for legionellae and amoebae using standard methods. We determined predictors of Legionella colonization of individual buildings and of individual sampling sites. During the chlorine phase, 19 (19.8%) buildings were colonized with legionellae in at least one sampling site. During the monochloramine phase, six (6.2%) buildings were colonized. In the chlorine phase, predictors of Legionella colonization included water source (source B compared to all others, adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 23) and the presence of a system with continuously circulating hot water (aOR, 9.8; 95% CI, 1.9 to 51). In the monochloramine phase, there were no predictors of individual building colonization, although we observed a trend toward greater effectiveness of monochloramine in hotels and single-family homes than in county government buildings. The presence of amoebae predicted Legionella colonization at individual sampling sites in both phases (OR ranged from 15 to 46, depending on the phase and sampling site). The routine introduction of monochloramine into a municipal drinking water system appears to have reduced colonization by Legionella spp. in buildings served by the system. Monochloramine may hold promise as community-wide intervention for the prevention of LD.

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“…are more susceptible to residual chlorine in potable water. Although intracellular growth within amoeba was frequently reported essential for their resistance to chlorination stress and persistence in DSs, some studies showed that residual chlorine could exert negative impacts on the growth of Legionella spp., and in some cases Legionella bacteria outnumbered mycobacteria in DS biofilms under low disinfection levels but different in turn under heavy disinfection stress (Pryor et al, 2004;van der Kooij et al, 2005). Considering the consumption of chlorine during the corrosion process, low-chlorine or even chlorine-free niches might extensively exist in the cast iron biofilm, resulting in the higher occurrence of Legionella species.…”

Section: Bacterial Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analysis of long-term biofilm formation on PVC and cast iron surfaces in drinking water distribution system

Liu

Zhu

et al. 2014

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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a b s t r a c tTo understand the impacts of different plumbing materials on long-term biofilm formation in water supply system, we analyzed microbial community compositions in the bulk water and biofilms on faucets with two different materials-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cast iron, which have been frequently used for more than10 years. Pyrosequencing was employed to describe both bacterial and eukaryotic microbial compositions. Bacterial communities in the bulk water and biofilm samples were significantly different from each other. Specific bacterial populations colonized on the surface of different materials. Hyphomicrobia and corrosion associated bacteria, such as Acidithiobacillus spp., Aquabacterium spp., Limnobacter thiooxidans, and Thiocapsa spp., were the most dominant bacteria identified in the PVC and cast iron biofilms, respectively, suggesting that bacterial colonization on the material surfaces was selective. Mycobacteria and Legionella spp. were common potential pathogenic bacteria occurred in the biofilm samples, but their abundance was different in the two biofilm bacterial communities. In contrast, the biofilm samples showed more similar eukaryotic communities than the bulk water. Notably, potential pathogenic fungi, i.e., Aspergillus spp. and Candida parapsilosis, occurred in similar abundance in both biofilms. These results indicated that microbial community, especially bacterial composition was remarkably affected by the different pipe materials (PVC and cast iron).

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Investigation of opportunistic pathogens in municipal drinking water under different supply and treatment regimes

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Fungi, and Opportunistic Pathogens in Unchlorinated Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Fungi, and Opportunistic Pathogens in Unchlorinated Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Introduction of Monochloramine into a Municipal Water System: Impact on Colonization of Buildings by Legionella spp

Molecular analysis of long-term biofilm formation on PVC and cast iron surfaces in drinking water distribution system

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