Investigation of Nonlinear Pupil Dynamics by Recurrence Quantification Analysis

Mesin, Luca; Monaco, Annalisa; Cattaneo, R

doi:10.1155/2013/420509

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Furthermore, non-linear fluctuations seem to contribute to pupillary unrest (Mesin et al, 2013;Onorati et al, 2015;Schumann et al, 2015;Villalobos-Castaldi et al, 2016). The variety of influencing factors make spontaneous pupil size variations at rest complicated to quantify and to interpret (Usui and Stark, 1982;Mesin et al, 2013;Schumann et al, 2017b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Modulation of Pupillary Unrest

et al. 2020

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Pupillary unrest is an established indicator of drowsiness or sleepiness. How sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contribute to pupillary unrest is not entirely unclear. In this study, we investigated 83 young healthy volunteers to assess the relationship of pupillary unrest to other markers of the autonomic nervous system. Sample entropy (SE) and the established pupillary unrest index (PUI) were calculated to characterize pupil size variability. Autonomic indices were derived from heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and skin conductance. Additionally, we assessed individual levels of calmness, vigilance, and mood. In an independent sample of 26 healthy participants, we stimulated the cardiovagal system by a deep breathing test. PUI was related to parasympathetic cardiac indices and sleepiness. A linear combination of vagal heart rate variability [root mean square of heart beat interval differences (RMSSD)] and skin conductance fluctuations (SCFs) was suited best to explain interindividual variance of PUI. Complexity of pupil diameter (PD) variations correlated to indices of sympathetic skin conductance. Furthermore, we found that spontaneous fluctuations of skin conductance are accompanied by increases of pupil size. In an independent sample, we were able to corroborate the relation of PUI with RMSSD and skin conductance. A slow breathing test enhanced RMSSD and PUI proportionally to each other, while complexity of PD dynamics decreased. Our data suggest that the slow PD oscillations (f < 0.15 Hz) quantified by PUI are related to the parasympathetic modulation. Sympathetic arousal as detected by SCFs is associated to transient pupil size increases that increase non-linear pupillary dynamics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Modulation of Pupillary Unrest

et al. 2020

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“…Some biomedical data have non-linear properties and complex behavior, e.g., heart rate variability ( Lake and Moorman, 2011 ; Liu et al, 2011 ), electroencephalogram (EEG; Mesin and Costa, 2014 ; Li et al, 2016 ), electromyogram (EMG; Mesin et al, 2016 ), pupillogram ( Mesin et al, 2013 ; Onorati et al, 2016 ), center of mass during quiet standing ( Liang et al, 2017 ). The estimation of their level of regularity can be useful in many applications ( Seely and Christou, 2000 ; Gao et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Complexity of Sampled Biomedical Continuous Time Signals Using Approximate Entropy

Mesin

2018

Front. Physiol.

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Non-linear analysis found many applications in biomedicine. Approximate entropy (ApEn) is a popular index of complexity often applied to biomedical data, as it provides quite stable indications when processing short and noisy epochs. However, ApEn strongly depends on parameters, which were chosen in the literature in wide ranges. This paper points out that ApEn depends on sampling rate of continuous time signals, embedding dimension, tolerance (under which a match is identified), epoch duration and low frequency trends. Moreover, contradicting results can be obtained changing parameters. This was found both in simulations and in experimental EEG. These limitations of ApEn suggest the introduction of an alternative index, here called modified ApEn, which is based on the following principles: oversampling is compensated, self-recurrences are ignored, a fixed percentage of recurrences is selected and low frequency trends are removed. The modified index allows to get more stable measurements of the complexity of the tested simulated data and EEG. The final conclusions are that, in order to get a reliable estimation of complexity using ApEn, parameters should be chosen within specific ranges, data must be sampled close to the Nyquist limit and low frequency trends should be removed. Following these indications, different studies could be more easily compared, interpreted and replicated. Moreover, the modified ApEn can be an interesting alternative, which extends the range of parameters for which stable indications can be achieved.

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“…Mesin et al . [ 28 ] claimed that pupillogram is a reliable device to inspect the condition of the autonomous nervous system (ANS). A simple, short, not expensive protocol (suitable for a clinical setting) is proposed, based on the investigation of pupil dynamics in darkness with the mandible in rest position (RP) or during a habitual dental occlusion (HDO).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental Occlusion and Ophthalmology: A Literature Review

Marchili¹,

Ortu²,

Pietropaoli³

et al. 2016

TODENTJ

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Stomatognathic system is strictly correlated to other anatomical regions; many studies investigated relationship between temporomandibular joint and posture, several articles describe cranio-facial pain from dental causes, such as trigger points. Until now less interest has been given to connections between dental occlusion and ophthalmology, even if they are important and involving. Clinical experience in dental practice claims that mandibular latero-deviation is connected both to eye dominance and to defects of ocular convergence. The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the twelve cranial nerves. The trigeminal system represents the connection between somitic structures and those derived from the branchial arches, collecting the proprioception from both somitic structures and oculomotor muscles. The intermedius nucleus of the medulla is a small perihypoglossal brainstem nucleus, which acts to integrate information from the head and neck and relays it on to the nucleus of the solitary tract where autonomic responses are generated. This intriguing neurophysiological web led our research group to investigate anatomical and functional associations between dental occlusion and vision. In conclusion, nervous system and functional pathways strictly connect vision and dental occlusion, and in the future both dentists and oculists should be more and more aware of this correlation for a better diagnosis and therapy.

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Investigation of Nonlinear Pupil Dynamics by Recurrence Quantification Analysis

Cited by 23 publications

References 36 publications

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Modulation of Pupillary Unrest

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Modulation of Pupillary Unrest

Estimation of Complexity of Sampled Biomedical Continuous Time Signals Using Approximate Entropy

Dental Occlusion and Ophthalmology: A Literature Review

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