Investigation of natural food fortificants for improving various properties of fortified foods: A review

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

Background: Hidden hunger, also known as insufficient micronutrient intake, is still a severe public health problem, affecting over 2 billion people worldwide. High school students are in an important stage of growth and development. Due to huge academic stress, high school students often lack nutrition knowledge and have unhealthy eating habits, suggesting a higher risk for hidden hunger. However, information on the hidden hunger risk of high school students is limited, and tools for assessing hidden hunger are inadequate. Objectives: To revise the hidden hunger assessment scale for high school students (HHAS-HSS) in China and assess its reliability and validity. Methods: Based on the literature review, expert consultation, pre-experiment, and formal survey, a hidden hunger assessment scale was revised for high school students. The formal survey involved 9,336 high school students in 11 of the 16 cities in Anhui Province, China, from 1 September 2020 to 31 December 2020, and 9,038 valid questionnaires were collected and included in the analysis. The item analysis, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis of the HHAS-HSS were examined. Results: The HHAS-HSS included a total of 4 dimensions and 12 items: vegetables and food diversity (3 items), fruits and dairy products (3 items), micronutrient-dense foods (4 items), and health condition and eating habits (2 items). The results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.758, a split-half reliability of 0.829, and a test-retest reliability of 0.793, indicating good internal consistency. The exploratory factor analysis presented a four-factor model of the HHAS-HSS (KMO=0.820, P<0.001). Using the maximum variance rotation method, 4 factors were obtained, and the cumulative variance explained rate was 57.974%. Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the division of the scale into four dimensions and the above results showed that the construct validity of the scale has reached an acceptable level. Conclusions: The HHAS-HSS is an effective and convenient tool for the assessment of hidden hunger with good reliability and validity.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and validity of the hidden hunger assessment scale for Chinese high school students

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

Sustainable Food Technol.

“…• No stigma: fortification is discrete and usually does not require any physical indication that the food is fortified. 33…”

Section: Food Fortification – a Sustainable Solution To Malnutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…58 Moreover, FtFF could be effectively utilised as an additional strategy in combination with household methods by using locally available nutrient rich staple foods, like basil, with daily eaten foods. 33,39 Such methods of food compositing/blending are considerably safe and hold the potential for standardization, making them viable for commercial-scale applications. 40 For instance, moringa powder in cow cheese 59 and bread, 60 basil powder in cookies 61 and rice cake, 62 spearmint powder in fruit bar, 63 garden cress seed flour in cookies, 64 and amaranth leaf powder in wheat noodles 65 are some of the latest examples of FtFF and the detailed fortificants have been reviewed elsewhere.…”

Section: Food Fortification – a Sustainable Solution To Malnutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food fortification in India as malnutrition concern: a global approach

Thakur,

Singh,

Insa

et al. 2023

“…One way to help overcome child malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in women is by using different strategies, such as dietary diversification, supplementation, biofortification and food fortification, including substances that are rich in iron, folate, zinc, protein, β-carotene, calcium, potassium, and fiber as a possible natural enrichment or fortifier [ 1 ]. Not all foods provide heme iron, and its absorption capacity is highly variable, with availability in the diet being a very influential factor; likewise, food fortification and enrichment are considered the most profitable and economically attractive than iron supplementation [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical and Sensory Parameters of “Petipan” Enriched with Heme Iron and Andean Grain Flours

Gonzales¹,

Ocrospoma-Dueñas²,

Quintana-Salazar³

et al. 2023

Molecules

Enrichment is the addition of nutrients to a food that does not contain them naturally, which is conducted in a mandatory manner and in order to solve a nutritional deficiency in the population. Enriched petipan are products that contain heme iron. The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical, chemical, mechanical and sensory characteristics of petipan produced with Andean grain flours and heme iron concentrate. A completely randomized design (CRD) with five experimental treatments was used with different levels of heme iron. The results show the direct influence of the heme concentration level on the chromatic, mechanical and textural characteristics of petipan. As the heme concentrate increases, its mechanical properties are considerably affected, with there being a correlation between the color intensity and a considerable reduction in its porosity. Samples without heme iron (T0) and 1% heme iron concentrate (T1) present the best mechanical and sensory characteristics; however, the incorporation of heme concentrate directly influences its nutritional, textural, and mainly chromatic components.