“…The PMLAs have gained popularity due to their merits, such as high velocity, precise movement, long life, and efficiency. Therefore, they are applied in many areas, for example, power production in free-piston linear generator (FPLG) systems, wave energy converters (WEC), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), suspension systems of HEVs, thermoacoustic engines, and electric transformers [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Additionally, they can be used in energy recovery systems and power production for the lunar base [13][14][15].…”