Investigation of modified phenolic hardeners and curing of an epoxy resin by TG-FTi.r.

Böschel, Dorit; Fedtke, M.; Geyer, W.

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(96)00660-x

Cited by 11 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For uncured resins, nmr rather than ir spectroscopy has become the technique of choice for microstructural information. However, Fourier transform infrared (ftir) gives useful information on curing phenolics (65). Nevertheless, ir spectroscopy continues to be used as one of the detectors in the analysis of phenolics by gpc (see VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Resins

Kopf¹

2003

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Phenolic resins are a family of polymers and oligomers composed of a wide range of structures based on the various reaction products of phenols with formaldehyde. Applications vary from commodity construction materials to high technology applications in electronics and aerospace. Phenolic resins are prepared using acidic or basic catalysts. Weak Lewis acids, such as zinc acetate, are used for specialty resins. Phenolic novolaks are thermoplastic resins prepared from acid catalysts and a molar excess of phenol. They have a molecular weight of 500–5000 and a glass‐transition temperature T g of 45–70°C. Novolak resins are typically cured with 5–15% hexamethylenetetramine as the cross‐linking agent. Resole‐type phenolic resins are produced with a molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol of 1.2:1 to 3.0:1 and alkaline catalysts such as NaOH, Ca(OH) 2 , and Ba(OH) 2 . A typical resin has an initial molecular weight of 150 to perhaps 1500. For systems of unsubstituted phenols, the final cross‐link density is 150–300 atomic mass units per cross‐link. In 2001, worldwide consumption of phenolic resins exceeded 4 × 10 6 t; slightly less than half of the total volume was produced in the United States, where the largest volume application is in plywood adhesives and accounts for ca 49% of U.S. consumption. As a mature industry, U.S. production of phenolic resins has paralleled the growth in the GNP. Applications for phenolic resins include coatings, adhesives, carbonless copy paper, molding compounds, bonded and coated abrasives, friction materials, foundry resins, laminates, air and oil filters, wood bonding, fiber bonding, composites, spherical fillers, and fibers. Factors contributing to the health and safety concerns of phenolic resins are related primarily to the presence of unreacted phenol and formaldehyde. Unreacted phenol in a resin can range from >10% for liquid resoles used in impregnation processes to <1% for novolaks intended for use as epoxy hardeners. Free formaldehyde can be 2–4% in liquid adhesives.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Resins

Kopf¹

2003

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Thermal Analysis‐IRMethods

Hellgeth¹

2001

Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The sections in this article are Introduction TA Methods EGA DTA DSC TGA STA IR Spectrometry EGA with IR Spectrometry Evolved Gas Trapping Techniques EGA Using a Flow Cell Display and Manipulation of Spectral Information EGA ‐ IR Applications Application of EGA ‐ IR of PVC via Thermogravimetry Advanced EGA ‐ IR Methods Condensed Phase DSC ‐ IR Methods Summary

show abstract

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Polymers and Rubbers by Vibrational Spectroscopy

Chalmers

Everall

2001

Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article begins with a short introduction on the range of sample forms, types and properties. This is followed by concise descriptions of the various sampling techniques as they apply to polymer analyses by mid‐infrared and Raman spectroscopy. (The article does not cover near‐infrared spectroscopy). More specific applications sections then follow discussions of qualitative and quantitative analysis and peculiarities associated with polymer mid‐infrared and Raman spectra. These include measurement of molecular orientation, determining end group concentrations and branching, studies of hydrogen bonding and blend miscibility, copolymer composition, polymerisation and cure studies, degradation and oxidation, and determining optical properties and constants. Brief sections are included also on chromatography coupled with FT‐IR, EGA/FT‐IR and TGA/FT‐IR and pyrolysis‐infrared. Discussed also are 2D‐IR, process measurements and microspectroscopy applications. This article is essentially a prelude to the more specialised articles that follow on in this section (Analysis and Characterization of Polymers and Rubbers) in this Handbook.

show abstract

Investigation of modified phenolic hardeners and curing of an epoxy resin by TG-FTi.r.

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Phenolic Resins

Phenolic Resins

Thermal Analysis‐IRMethods

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Polymers and Rubbers by Vibrational Spectroscopy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About