“…To obtain an efficient mixing, a miniaturized microfluidic device with special geometrical features should be designed for the generation of repeated mixing flow patterns, which will result in chaotic advection and therefore effective mixing. Many different types of passive micromixers, such as branching channel, 25 three-dimensional C-shape channel, 26 pillar array channel, 27 and serpentine-shaped channel such as groove-shaped, 28 obstacles on the channel's wall, 29 modified Tesla 26 and zigzag-shaped channels 30 have been reported for the fast and efficient mixing of two confluent streams. Recently, a high density pillar obstruction poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic mixer was fabricated and estimated the mixing behavior of confluent streams of three different sets of miscible solutions using a fluorescence microscope.…”