Investigation of Liquid Wax Components of Egyptian Jojoba Seeds

Abstract

Egyptian jojoba seeds newly cultivated in Ismailia desert in Egypt promoted us to determine its lipid components. Fatty alcohols, fatty acids, wax esters and sterols patterns were determined by capillary GLC whereas, tocopherols profile, isopropenoid alcohols and sterylglycosides were determined by HPLC. The Egyptian seeds are rich in wax esters (55 %) with fatty alcohols C20:1and C22:1 as major components and amounted to 43.0 % and 45.6 % respectively followed by C24:1 and C18:1(9.6 % and 1.3 % respectively). The fatty acids profile showed that C20:1 is the major constituent (60 %) followed by C18:1and C22:1 (14.5 and 11.8 % respectively) whereas C24:1 was present at low concentration amounted to 1.6 %. In addition, the Egyptian jojoba wax contained C18:2 fatty acid at a level of 8.7 %. Wax esters composition showed that the local wax had C42 and C40 esters as major components amounted to 51.1 and 30.1 % respectively. Also, it had C44 and C38 at reasonable amounts (10.0 and 6.3 % respectively). Whereas C36 and C46 were present at lower concentrations amounted to 1.4 and 1.1 respectively. The sterols analysis showed the presence of campe-, stigma-, b-sito-, and isofuco-sterol amounting to 18.4 %, 6.9 %, 68.7 %, and 6.0 % respectively. The tocopherols pattern revealed that the local seed wax contained g-tocopherol as major constituent (79.2 %) followed by a-tocopherol (20.3 %). b-tocopherol as well as dtocopherol were found as minor constituents. The isopropenoid alcohols and the sterylglycosides (free and acylated) were not detected. The wax is proposed to be used in oleo chemistry and cosmetics.

Study of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Oil by Gas Chromatography

“…Furthermore, the main fatty acids identified in the JO were Heneicosanoic acid (21:0), Behenic acid (22:0), Cis-13 and 16 Docosadienoic acid (22:2). This is in line with previous reports [4,15].…”

“…In contrast, the fatty acids heptadecanoic acid (17:0), Eliadic acid (18:1n9t), 11,14 Eieosatrienoic acid (20:3) and Lingocernic acid (24:0) were in lower concentration within the Egyptian oil compared to JO from around the world. This became clear after comparing our results for Egyptian JO with studies testing Jordanian JO [4,15].…”

“…The results, based on GC analyses of previously studied Jordanian JO [4] indicated that the oil contains fatty acids of carbon atoms from 14 º C to 24 º C (saturated and unsaturated). Furthermore, the main fatty acids identified in the JO were Heneicosanoic acid (21:0), Behenic acid (22:0), Cis-13 and 16 Docosadienoic acid (22:2).…”

“…The alcohols have been identified as mixtures of cis-11-eicosenol, cis-13-docosenol and cis-15-tetracosenol (C-24). Sterols and stanols (around 0.5% total) are mainly represented by; campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, cholesterol and avenasterol [2][3][4] along with some traces of triglyceride [5] and different tocopherols, such as α-tocopherol [4].…”

“…Moreover, JO is used as carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy and massage therapy [12]. All this has attracted huge research interest leading to a number of quantitative and qualitative analyses performed interested researchers [4].…”